Nau'in baturi da ƙarfin baturi

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Baturi shine sarari wanda ke haifar da halin yanzu a cikin kofi, gwangwani, ko wani akwati ko kwantena mai haɗaka mai ɗauke da maganin electrolyte da lantarki na ƙarfe. A takaice dai, na'ura ce da ke iya canza makamashin sinadarai zuwa makamashin lantarki. Yana da ingantacciyar wuta da lantarki mara kyau. Tare da haɓakar kimiyya da fasaha, ana kiran batir a matsayin ƙananan na'urori masu samar da makamashin lantarki, kamar ƙwayoyin rana. Siffofin fasaha na baturin sun haɗa da ƙarfin lantarki, ƙarfi, takamaiman batu, da juriya. Yin amfani da baturi azaman tushen makamashi na iya samun halin yanzu tare da tsayayye ƙarfin lantarki, karyayyen halin yanzu, ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin dogon lokaci, da ƙarancin tasiri na waje. Baturin yana da tsari mai sauƙi, ɗauka mai dacewa, caji mai dacewa, da ayyukan caji kuma yanayi da zafin jiki ba ya shafar su. Yana da tsayayye kuma abin dogaro kuma yana taka rawar gani sosai a kowane fanni na rayuwar zamantakewar zamani.

Nau'ukan batura daban-daban

abun ciki

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1. Tarihin baturi
2. Tsarin aiki

Uku, tsari sigogi

3.1 Ƙarfin wutar lantarki

3.2 Ƙarfin ƙima

3.3 Matsayin ƙarfin lantarki

3.4 Buɗe wutar lantarki

3.5 Juriya na ciki

3.6 Tashin hankali

3.7 Yawan caji da fitarwa

3.8 Rayuwar sabis

3.9 Yawan fitar da kai

Hudu, nau'in baturi

4.1 Jerin girman baturi

4.2 Matsayin Baturi

4.3 Baturi na yau da kullun

Biyar, kalmomi

5.1 Matsayin Ƙasa

5.2 Batir na hankali

5.3 Zaɓin baturi

5.4 Maimaita baturi

1. Tarihin baturi

A cikin 1746, Mason Brock na Jami'ar Leiden a Netherlands ya ƙirƙira "Leiden Jar" don tattara kuɗin lantarki. Ya ga wutar lantarki ke da wuyar iya sarrafawa amma da sauri ya bace a iska. Ya so ya nemo hanyar ceto wutar lantarki. Watarana ya rike bokitin da aka rataya a iska, aka hada da mota da bokiti, ya zaro wata waya ta tagulla a cikin bokitin, ya tsoma ta cikin kwalbar gilashi da aka cika da ruwa. Mataimakinsa yana da kwalbar gilashi a hannunsa, kuma Mason Bullock ya girgiza motar daga gefe. A daidai wannan lokaci ne mataimakin nasa ya taba wannan ganga da gangan, nan take ya ji karar wutar lantarki mai karfi ya yi ihu. Daga nan Mason Bullock ya yi magana da mataimakin kuma ya nemi mataimakin ya girgiza motar. A lokaci guda kuma ya rike kwalbar ruwa a hannu daya ya taba bindigar da daya. Har yanzu baturin yana cikin matakin amfrayo, Leiden Jarre.

A shekara ta 1780, masanin ilimin halittar dan kasar Italiya Luigi Gallini ya taba cinyar kwadin bisa kuskure yayin da yake rike da kayan karfe daban-daban a hannaye biyu a lokacin da yake aikin wargajewar kwadi. Tsokar kafafun kwadin nan da nan suka yi firgita kamar wanda ya firgita da girgizar wutar lantarki. Idan kawai ka taɓa kwaɗo da kayan ƙarfe, ba za a sami irin wannan amsa ba. Greene ya yi imanin cewa wannan lamari yana faruwa ne saboda ana samar da wutar lantarki a jikin dabba, wanda ake kira "bioelectricity."

Gano ma'auratan galvanic ya tayar da hankulan masana kimiyya, inda suka yi tururuwa don maimaita gwajin kwadi don nemo hanyar samar da wutar lantarki. Masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Italiya Walter ya ce bayan gwaje-gwaje da yawa: manufar "bioelectricity" ba daidai ba ne. Tsokar kwadi da ke iya samar da wutar lantarki na iya zama saboda ruwa. Volt ya nutsar da guda biyu na ƙarfe daban-daban a cikin wasu mafita don tabbatar da batunsa.

A cikin 1799, Volt ya nutsar da farantin zinc da farantin kwano a cikin ruwan gishiri kuma ya gano halin yanzu yana gudana ta cikin wayoyi masu haɗa karafa biyu. Saboda haka, ya sanya tufa mai laushi mai yawa ko takarda da aka jiƙa a cikin ruwan gishiri a tsakanin tukwane na zinc da azurfa. Lokacin da ya taɓa ƙarshen duka biyu da hannayensa, ya ji motsin wutar lantarki mai tsanani. Ya bayyana cewa muddin daya daga cikin farantin karfe biyun ya mayar da martani ta hanyar sinadarai tare da maganin, zai haifar da wutar lantarki tsakanin farantin karfe.

Ta wannan hanyar, Volt ya sami nasarar kera batir na farko a duniya, "Volt Stack," wanda ke da alaƙa da batir. Ya zama tushen wutar lantarki na farkon gwaje-gwajen lantarki da telegraphs.

A 1836, Daniel na Ingila ya inganta "Volt Reactor." Ya yi amfani da dilute sulfuric acid a matsayin electrolyte don magance matsalar polarization na baturi kuma ya samar da batir na zinc-Copper na farko wanda ba shi da polarized wanda zai iya kiyaye ma'auni na yanzu. Amma waɗannan batura suna da matsala; ƙarfin lantarki zai ragu akan lokaci.

Lokacin da ƙarfin baturi ya faɗi bayan lokacin amfani, Zai iya ba da juzu'i don ƙara ƙarfin baturi. Domin Yana iya yin cajin wannan baturi, Zai iya sake amfani da shi.

A shekara ta 1860, Bafaranshe George Leclanche shi ma ya ƙirƙiro wanda ya riga ya zama baturin (carbon-zinc baturi), wanda ake amfani da shi sosai a duniya. Lantarki shine gauraye na lantarki na volts da zinc na mummunan lantarki. An haxa wutar lantarki mara kyau tare da lantarki na zinc, kuma an saka sandar carbon a cikin cakuda a matsayin mai tarawa na yanzu. Dukansu na'urorin lantarki suna nutsewa cikin ammonium chloride (a matsayin maganin electrolytic). Wannan shine abin da ake kira "batir rigar." Wannan baturi yana da arha kuma mai sauƙi, don haka ba a maye gurbinsa da "bushe batir" ba har sai 1880. An canza wutar lantarki mara kyau zuwa zinc can (batir casing), kuma electrolyte ya zama manna maimakon ruwa. Wannan shine batirin carbon-zinc da muke amfani dashi a yau.

A cikin 1887, Helson na Burtaniya ya ƙirƙira busasshen baturi na farko. Busasshen baturi electrolyte kamar manna ne, baya zubewa, kuma ya dace da ɗauka, don haka an yi amfani da shi sosai.

A cikin 1890, Thomas Edison ya ƙirƙira batirin ƙarfe-nickel mai caji.

2. Tsarin aiki

A cikin batirin sinadari, juyar da makamashin sinadari zuwa makamashin lantarki yana haifar da sakamakon halayen sinadarai na kwatsam kamar redox a cikin baturi. Ana aiwatar da wannan dauki akan na'urori biyu. Abun aiki mai cutarwa ya ƙunshi ƙarfe masu aiki kamar zinc, cadmium, gubar, da hydrogen ko hydrocarbons. Ingantattun kayan aiki na lantarki sun haɗa da manganese dioxide, gubar dioxide, nickel oxide, sauran ƙarfe oxides, oxygen ko iska, halogens, salts, oxyacids, salts, da makamantansu. Electrolyte wani abu ne da ke da kyakyawan halayen ion, kamar maganin ruwa mai ruwa na acid, alkali, gishiri, kwayoyin halitta ko inorganic bayani mara ruwa, narkakken gishiri, ko m electrolyte.

Lokacin da aka cire haɗin kewayen waje, akwai yuwuwar bambanci (buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki). Har yanzu, babu halin yanzu, kuma Ba zai iya canza makamashin sinadarai da aka adana a cikin baturi zuwa makamashin lantarki ba. Lokacin da kewayen waje ke rufe, saboda babu free electrons a cikin electrolyte, a karkashin aikin da yuwuwar bambanci tsakanin na'urorin biyu, na yanzu gudana ta hanyar waje kewaye. Yana gudana cikin baturin a lokaci guda. Canja wurin cajin yana tare da kayan aiki mai aiki na bipolar da electrolyte-haɓakar iskar shaka ko ragi a wurin dubawa da ƙaura na masu amsawa da samfuran amsawa. Ƙaurawar ions yana cika canja wurin caji a cikin electrolyte.

Canja wurin caji na yau da kullun da tsarin canja wurin taro a cikin baturi yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da daidaitaccen fitarwa na wutar lantarki. Yayin caji, jagorar canjin makamashi na ciki da tsarin canja wurin taro ya saba wa fitarwa. Dole ne motsin wutar lantarki ya zama mai jujjuyawa don tabbatar da cewa daidaitattun hanyoyin canja wurin taro sun saba. Don haka, amsawar lantarki mai jujjuyawa yana da mahimmanci don samar da baturi. Lokacin da wutan lantarki ya wuce ƙarfin ma'auni, lantarkin zai karkata sosai. Ana kiran wannan lamarin polarization. Mafi girman yawan halin yanzu (na wucewa ta wurin naúrar lantarki na yanzu), ƙarin polarization, wanda shine ɗayan mahimman dalilai na asarar makamashin baturi.

Dalilan polarization: Note

① Matsalolin da aka haifar ta hanyar juriya na kowane bangare na baturi ana kiransa polarization ohmic.

② Ƙaƙƙarfan polarization da ke haifarwa ta hanyar hana tsarin canja wurin caji a Layer-electrolyte interface Layer ana kiransa polarization kunnawa.

③ Matsalolin da ke haifarwa ta hanyar jinkirin tsarin canja wurin taro a cikin madaidaicin ƙirar lantarki-electrolyte ana kiransa polarization maida hankali. Hanyar da za a rage wannan polarization ita ce ƙara yankin amsawar lantarki, rage yawan halin yanzu, ƙara yawan zafin jiki, da inganta aikin catalytic na farfajiyar lantarki.

Uku, tsari sigogi

3.1 Ƙarfin wutar lantarki

Ƙarfin electromotive shine bambanci tsakanin madaidaicin madaidaicin ƙarfin lantarki na biyun. Ɗauki baturin gubar-acid a matsayin misali, E=Ф+0-Ф-0+RT/F*In (αH2SO4/αH2O).

E: ƙarfin lantarki

Ф+0: Madaidaicin madaidaicin wutar lantarki, 1.690 V.

Ф-0: Madaidaicin ƙarfin lantarki mara kyau, 1.690 V.

R: Gas na yau da kullun, 8.314.

T: Yanayin yanayi.

F: Faraday's akai-akai, ƙimar sa shine 96485.

αH2SO4: Ayyukan sulfuric acid yana da alaƙa da tattarawar sulfuric acid.

αH2O: Ayyukan ruwa da ke da alaƙa da tattarawar sulfuric acid.

Yana iya gani daga wannan dabarar da ke sama cewa daidaitaccen ƙarfin lantarki na batirin gubar-acid shine 1.690-(-0.356)=2.046V, don haka ainihin ƙarfin baturin shine 2V. Ma'aikatan electromotive na baturan gubar-acid suna da alaƙa da zafin jiki da tattarawar sulfuric acid.

3.2 Ƙarfin ƙima

A ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan da aka ƙayyade a cikin ƙira (kamar zazzabi, ƙimar fitarwa, wutar lantarki ta ƙarshe, da dai sauransu), ƙaramin ƙarfin (naúrar: ampere / hour) wanda baturin yakamata ya fito yana nuna alamar C. Ƙarfin yana tasiri sosai yawan fitarwa. Don haka, adadin fitarwa yawanci ana wakilta shi da lambobi na Larabci a cikin kusurwar dama na harafin C. Misali, C20=50, wanda ke nufin karfin amperes 50 a cikin sa'a akan adadin sau 20. Yana iya tantance iyawar baturin daidai gwargwadon adadin kayan lantarki mai aiki a cikin dabarar amsawar baturi da electrochemical daidai da kayan aiki da aka lissafta bisa ga dokar Faraday. Saboda halayen gefen da zai iya faruwa a cikin baturi da keɓaɓɓen buƙatun ƙirar, ainihin ƙarfin baturin yawanci ƙasa da ƙarfin ka'idar.

3.3 Matsayin ƙarfin lantarki

Halin wutar lantarki na yau da kullun na baturi a zazzabi na ɗaki, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki. Don tunani, lokacin zabar nau'ikan batura daban-daban. Haƙiƙanin ƙarfin ƙarfin aiki na baturin daidai yake da bambanci tsakanin ma'aunin ma'aunin wutar lantarki na ingantattun na'urorin lantarki masu inganci da mara kyau a ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗan amfani. Yana da alaƙa kawai da nau'in kayan lantarki mai aiki kuma ba shi da alaƙa da abun ciki na kayan aiki. Wutar batirin ainihin ƙarfin lantarki ne na DC. Har yanzu, a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi na musamman, canjin lokaci na kristal ko fim ɗin da aka kafa ta wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan da halayen lantarki suka haifar zai haifar da ɗan canji a cikin ƙarfin lantarki. Ana kiran wannan al'amari amo. Girman girman wannan jujjuyawar ba ta da yawa, amma kewayon mitar yana da yawa, wanda za'a iya bambanta shi da hayaniyar jin daɗin kai a cikin kewaye.

3.4 Buɗe wutar lantarki

Wutar wutar lantarki ta batir a cikin buɗaɗɗen kewayawa ana kiransa ƙarfin lantarki mai buɗewa. Wutar lantarki mai buɗewa ta baturi daidai yake da bambanci tsakanin tabbataccen ƙarfin baturi da mara kyau lokacin da baturin ke buɗe (babu halin yanzu da ke gudana ta cikin sandunan biyu). Wutar lantarki mai buɗewa na baturi yana wakiltar V, wato, V on = Ф + - Ф-, inda Ф+ da Ф- su ne tasiri mai kyau da rashin ƙarfi na hadari, bi da bi. Wutar lantarki na buɗaɗɗen kewayawar baturi yawanci bai kai ƙarfinsa na lantarki ba. Wannan saboda yuwuwar wutar lantarki da aka samu a cikin maganin electrolyte a wayoyi biyu na baturi yawanci ba madaidaicin yuwuwar lantarki ba ne amma yuwuwar ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi. Gabaɗaya, buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki na baturi yana kusan daidai da ƙarfin lantarki na guguwa.

3.5 Juriya na ciki

Juriya na ciki na baturi yana nufin juriyar da aka samu lokacin da halin yanzu ke wucewa ta cikin guguwa. Ya haɗa da juriya na ciki na ohmic da juriya na polarization na ciki, kuma juriya na ciki na polarization yana da juriya na polarization na electrochemical juriya na ciki da maida hankali polarization juriya na ciki. Saboda kasancewar juriya na ciki, ƙarfin aiki na baturi koyaushe yana ƙasa da ƙarfin lantarki ko buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki na guguwa.

Tun da abun da ke ciki na kayan aiki mai aiki, ƙaddamarwa na electrolyte, da zafin jiki suna canzawa akai-akai, ƙarfin ciki na baturi ba ya dawwama. Zai canza akan lokaci yayin aikin caji da fitarwa. Juriya na ohmic na ciki yana bin ka'idar Ohm, kuma juriya na cikin gida yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka ƙimar halin yanzu, amma ba layi bane.

Juriya na ciki muhimmiyar alama ce da ke ƙayyade aikin baturi. Yana tasiri kai tsaye ƙarfin ƙarfin aiki na baturi, halin yanzu, ƙarfin fitarwa, da ƙarfin batura, ƙarami juriya na ciki, mafi kyau.

3.6 Tashin hankali

Baturin yana da yanki mai girma na electrode-electrolyte interface, wanda zai iya zama daidai da da'ira mai sauƙi tare da babban ƙarfin ƙarfi, ƙaramin juriya, da ƙananan inductance. Koyaya, ainihin halin da ake ciki ya fi rikitarwa, musamman tunda tasirin baturi yana canzawa tare da lokaci da matakin DC, kuma ma'aunin da aka auna yana aiki ne kawai don takamaiman yanayin auna.

3.7 Yawan caji da fitarwa

Yana da maganganu guda biyu: ƙimar lokaci da haɓakawa. Adadin lokacin shine saurin caji da fitarwa wanda aka nuna ta lokacin caji da lokacin caji. Ƙimar ta yi daidai da adadin sa'o'i da aka samu ta hanyar rarraba ƙarfin ƙimar baturi (A·h) ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun caji da cire halin yanzu (A). Girman girma shine juzu'in rabon lokaci. Matsakaicin fitarwa na baturi na farko yana nufin lokacin da yake ɗaukar takamaiman tsayin daka don fitarwa zuwa wutar lantarki ta ƙarshe. Yawan fitarwa yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan aikin baturi.

3.8 Rayuwar sabis

Rayuwar ma'ajiya tana nufin iyakar lokacin da aka ba da izini don ajiya tsakanin kera baturi da amfani. Jimlar lokacin, gami da ma'ajiya da lokutan amfani, ana kiran ranar karewa baturi. An raba rayuwar baturi zuwa busasshen ajiyar ajiya da kuma rayuwar ajiyar jika. Rayuwar zagayowar tana nufin matsakaicin caji da zagayowar fitarwa wanda baturi zai iya kaiwa ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayi. Dole ne a ƙayyade tsarin gwajin sake zagayowar caji a cikin ƙayyadadden rayuwar zagayowar, gami da ƙimar caji, zurfin fitarwa, da kewayon zafin yanayi.

3.9 Yawan fitar da kai

Adadin da baturi ke rasa ƙarfi yayin ajiya. Ikon da aka rasa ta hanyar fitar da kai a kowane lokacin ajiyar raka'a ana bayyana shi azaman adadin ƙarfin baturi kafin ajiya.

Hudu, nau'in baturi

4.1 Jerin girman baturi

An raba batura zuwa batura masu yuwuwa da batura masu caji. Batura masu zubar da ciki suna da albarkatun fasaha daban-daban da ma'auni a wasu ƙasashe da yankuna. Don haka, kafin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa su tsara daidaitattun samfura, an samar da samfura da yawa. Yawancin waɗannan nau'ikan baturi suna suna ta masana'anta ko sassan ƙasa masu dacewa, suna ƙirƙirar tsarin suna daban-daban. Dangane da girman baturin, ana iya raba nau'ikan batirin alkaline na ƙasa zuwa lamba 1, No. 2, No. 5, No. 7, No. 8, No. 9, da NV; daidaitattun samfuran alkaline na Amurka su ne D, C, AA, AAA, N, AAAA, PP3, da dai sauransu. A China, wasu batura za su yi amfani da hanyar sanya suna Amurka. Dangane da ma'aunin IEC, cikakken bayanin samfurin baturi yakamata ya zama sunadarai, siffa, girma, da tsari mai tsari.

1) Samfurin AAAA yana da ɗan ƙarancin gaske. Madaidaicin AAAA (lebur kai) baturi yana da tsayin 41.5± 0.5 mm da diamita na 8.1± 0.2 mm.

2) Batura AAA sun fi kowa yawa. Madaidaicin baturin AAA (leburanci) yana da tsayin 43.6± 0.5mm da diamita na 10.1± 0.2mm.

3) Batura irin AA sananne ne. Duka kyamarori na dijital da kayan wasan yara na lantarki suna amfani da batir AA. Tsayin daidaitaccen baturin AA (lebur ɗin kai) shine 48.0± 0.5mm, kuma diamita shine 14.1± 0.2mm.

4) Samfuran ba safai ba ne. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da wannan jerin azaman ƙwayar baturi a cikin fakitin baturi. A cikin tsofaffin kyamarori, kusan dukkanin baturan nickel-cadmium da nickel-metal hydride baturi sune 4/5A ko 4/5SC. Madaidaicin baturin A (lebur ɗin kai) yana da tsayin 49.0±0.5 mm da diamita na 16.8±0.2 mm.

5) Samfurin SC kuma ba daidai ba ne. Yawancin sel baturi ne a cikin fakitin baturi. Ana iya gani akan kayan aikin wuta da kyamarori, da kayan da aka shigo da su. Batirin SC (leburanci) na gargajiya yana da tsayin 42.0±0.5mm da diamita na 22.1±0.2mm.

6) Nau'in C yana daidai da baturin lamba 2 na kasar Sin. Madaidaicin baturin C (leburanci) yana da tsayin 49.5±0.5 mm da diamita na 25.3±0.2 mm.

7) Nau'in D yayi daidai da baturin lamba 1 na kasar Sin. Ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin farar hula, soja, da na musamman na wutar lantarki na DC. Tsayin daidaitaccen baturin D (lebur ɗin kai) shine 59.0± 0.5mm, kuma diamita shine 32.3± 0.2mm.

8) Ba a raba samfurin N. Tsayin ma'auni N (lebur kai) baturi shine 28.5 ± 0.5 mm, kuma diamita shine 11.7 ± 0.2 mm.

9) Batirin F da sabbin batura masu ƙarfin ƙarfi da ake amfani da su a cikin mopeds na lantarki suna da halin maye gurbin batir-acid ɗin gubar marasa kulawa, kuma galibi ana amfani da batir-acid ɗin azaman ƙwayoyin baturi. Madaidaicin baturin F (leburanci) yana da tsayin 89.0±0.5 mm da diamita na 32.3±0.2 mm.

4.2 Matsayin Baturi

A. China misali baturi

Ɗauki baturi 6-QAW-54a a matsayin misali.

Shida yana nufin cewa ya ƙunshi sel guda 6, kuma kowane baturi yana da ƙarfin lantarki na 2V; wato 12V da aka ƙididdigewa.

Q yana nuna makasudin baturin, Q shine baturi don farawa mota, M shine baturi na babura, JC shine baturin ruwa, HK shine baturin jirgin sama, D baturi na motocin lantarki, F shine mai sarrafa bawul. baturi.

A da W suna nuna nau'in baturi: A yana nuna busasshen baturi, kuma W yana nuna baturi mara kulawa. Idan alamar bata bayyana ba, daidaitaccen nau'in baturi ne.

54 yana nuna cewa ƙarfin baturi shine 54Ah (ana fitar da cikakken cajin baturi a cikin adadin sa'o'i 20 na fitarwa a halin yanzu a dakin da zafin jiki, kuma baturin yana fitowa na sa'o'i 20).

Alamar kusurwa a tana wakiltar haɓaka ta farko zuwa samfurin asali, alamar kusurwa b yana wakiltar haɓaka na biyu, da sauransu.

lura:

1) Ƙara D bayan samfurin don nuna kyakkyawan aikin farawa mai ƙananan zafin jiki, kamar 6-QA-110D

2) Bayan samfurin, ƙara HD don nuna juriya mai girma.

3) Bayan samfurin, ƙara DF don nuna ƙananan zafin jiki baya lodi, kamar 6-QA-165DF.

B. Jafananci JIS misali baturi

A cikin 1979, samfurin batir na Jafananci ya wakilta ta kamfanin Japan N. Lamba na ƙarshe shine girman ɓangaren baturin, wanda aka bayyana ta ƙimar ƙimar baturi, kamar NS40ZL:

N yana wakiltar ma'aunin JIS na Japan.

S yana nufin miniaturization; wato, ainihin ƙarfin aiki bai wuce 40Ah, 36Ah.

Z yana nuna cewa yana da mafi kyawun aikin fitarwa a ƙarƙashin girman iri ɗaya.

L yana nufin tabbataccen lantarki yana a ƙarshen hagu, R yana wakiltar ingantacciyar wutar lantarki a ƙarshen dama, kamar NS70R (Lura: Daga jagorar nesa da tarin sandar baturi)

S yana nuna cewa tashar tashar sandar sandar ta fi kauri fiye da ƙarfin ƙarfin baturi ɗaya (NS60SL). (Lura: Gabaɗaya, ingantattun sanduna mara kyau da mara kyau na baturin suna da diamita daban-daban don kar su rikitar da polarity na baturi.)

A shekara ta 1982, Ya aiwatar da samfuran batir na Jafananci ta sabbin ka'idoji, kamar 38B20L (daidai da NS40ZL):

38 yana wakiltar sigogin aikin baturi. Mafi girman lambar, ƙarfin ƙarfin baturi zai iya adanawa.

B yana wakiltar nisa da lambar tsayin baturin. Haɗin faɗi da tsayin baturin yana wakiltar ɗaya daga cikin haruffa takwas (A zuwa H). Mafi kusancin halayen shine H, mafi girman faɗi da tsayin baturin.

Ashirin yana nufin cewa tsawon baturin ya kai cm 20.

L yana wakiltar matsayi mai kyau. Daga fuskar baturi, tabbataccen tashar yana a ƙarshen dama mai alamar R, kuma tabbataccen tasha yana a ƙarshen hagu mai alamar L.

C. Jamus DIN misali baturi

Ɗauki baturi 544 34 a matsayin misali:

Lamba na farko, 5 yana nuna cewa ƙarfin ƙarfin baturi bai wuce 100Ah; shida na farko sun nuna cewa ƙarfin baturi yana tsakanin 100Ah da 200Ah; Bakwai na farko sun nuna cewa ƙarfin baturi ya wuce 200Ah. A cewarsa, ƙarfin ƙarfin baturin 54434 shine 44 Ah; Ƙimar ƙarfin baturi na 610 17MF shine 110 Ah; Matsakaicin ƙarfin baturi 700 27 shine 200 Ah.

Lambobin biyu bayan ƙarfin suna nuna lambar ƙungiyar girman baturi.

MF tana tsaye don nau'in kyauta.

D. American BCI misali baturi

Ɗauki baturi 58430 (12V 430A 80min) azaman misali:

58 yana wakiltar lambar ƙungiyar girman baturi.

430 yana nuna cewa yanayin fara sanyi shine 430A.

80min yana nufin cewa ƙarfin ajiyar baturi shine 80min.

Hakanan ana iya bayyana ma'aunin baturi na Amurka a matsayin 78-600, 78 yana nufin lambar rukunin girman baturi, 600 yana nufin farkon lokacin sanyi shine 600A.

① A wannan yanayin, mafi mahimmancin ma'aunin fasaha na injin shine halin yanzu da zafin jiki lokacin da aka kunna injin. Misali, mafi ƙarancin zafin farawa na injin yana da alaƙa da farkon zafin injin da ƙaramin ƙarfin aiki don farawa da kunnawa. Mafi ƙarancin halin yanzu da baturi zai iya bayarwa lokacin da ƙarfin wutar lantarki ya ragu zuwa 7.2V cikin daƙiƙa 30 bayan cikakken cajin baturi 12V. Ƙimar farawa sanyi yana ba da jimlar ƙimar halin yanzu.

② Ƙarfin ajiya (RC): Lokacin da tsarin caji ba ya aiki, ta hanyar kunna baturi da dare da kuma samar da mafi ƙarancin nauyin kewayawa, kimanin lokacin da motar za ta iya gudu, musamman: a 25 ± 2 ° C, cikakken caji don 12V baturi, lokacin da akai halin yanzu 25a fitarwa, da baturi m ƙarfin lantarki fitarwa lokacin sauke zuwa 10.5±0.05V.

4.3 Baturi na yau da kullun

1) Busasshen baturi

Batura busassun kuma ana kiransu batir manganese-zinc. Abin da ake kira busasshen baturi yana da alaƙa da baturin voltaic. A lokaci guda kuma, manganese-zinc yana nufin albarkatun ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan kamar batir oxide na azurfa da baturan nickel-cadmium. Wutar lantarki na baturin manganese-zinc shine 1.5V. Busassun batura suna cinye albarkatun sinadarai don samar da wutar lantarki. Wutar lantarki ba ta da girma, kuma ci gaba da ake samu ba zai iya wuce 1A ba.

2) Baturin gubar-acid

Batirin ajiya ɗaya ne daga cikin batura da aka fi amfani da su. Cika gilashin gilashi ko kwalban filastik da sulfuric acid, sannan saka faranti guda biyu na gubar, ɗayan yana haɗa da tabbataccen electrode na caja kuma ɗayan yana haɗi da mummunan electrode na caja. Bayan fiye da sa'o'i goma na caji, ana samun baturi. Akwai wutar lantarki na 2 volts tsakanin ingantattun sandunansa masu kyau da marasa kyau. Amfaninsa shine zai iya sake amfani da shi. Bugu da ƙari, saboda ƙananan juriya na ciki, Yana iya samar da babban halin yanzu. Idan aka yi amfani da shi don kunna injin mota, ƙarfin halin yanzu zai iya kaiwa amperes 20. Lokacin da aka yi cajin baturi, ana adana makamashin lantarki, kuma idan ya fita, makamashin sinadarai yakan juya zuwa wutar lantarki.

3) batirin lithium

Baturi mai lithium azaman wutar lantarki mara kyau. Wani sabon nau'in baturi mai ƙarfi ne wanda aka haɓaka bayan shekarun 1960.

Fa'idodin batirin lithium shine babban ƙarfin lantarki na sel guda ɗaya, takamaiman takamaiman makamashi, tsawon rayuwar ajiya (har zuwa shekaru 10), da kyakkyawan aikin zafin jiki (amfani a -40 zuwa 150°C). Rashin hasara shi ne cewa yana da tsada kuma yana da talauci a cikin aminci. Bugu da kari, ana buƙatar haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki da al'amurran tsaro. Samar da batura masu wuta da sabbin kayan cathode, musamman kayan lithium iron phosphate, sun ba da gudummawa sosai wajen haɓaka batir lithium.

Biyar, kalmomi

5.1 Matsayin Ƙasa

Ma'auni na IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) ƙungiya ce ta duniya don daidaitawa wanda ya ƙunshi Hukumar Kula da Kayan Wutar Lantarki ta ƙasa, da nufin haɓaka daidaito a cikin filayen lantarki da lantarki.

Matsayi na ƙasa don baturan nickel-cadmium GB/T11013 U 1996 GB/T18289 U 2000.

Ma'auni na ƙasa don batir Ni-MH shine GB/T15100 GB/T18288 U 2000.

Matsayin ƙasa na baturan lithium shine GB/T10077 1998YD/T998; 1999, GB/T18287 U 2000.

Bugu da ƙari, ƙa'idodin baturi na gabaɗaya sun haɗa da ma'auni na JIS C da matakan baturi wanda Sanyo Matsushita ya kafa.

Babban masana'antar baturi ya dogara ne akan ka'idodin Sanyo ko Panasonic.

5.2 Batir na hankali

1) Yin caji na yau da kullun

Batura daban-daban suna da halayensu. Dole ne mai amfani ya yi cajin baturi ta umarnin masana'anta saboda daidaitaccen caji mai ma'ana zai taimaka tsawaita rayuwar baturi.

2) Yin caji mai sauri

Wasu masu wayo ta atomatik, caja masu sauri suna da hasken mai nuna alama 90% kawai lokacin da siginar mai nuni ya canza. Caja zai canza ta atomatik zuwa jinkirin caji don cajin baturi cikakke. Masu amfani yakamata suyi cajin baturin kafin amfani; in ba haka ba, Zai rage lokacin amfani.

3) Tasiri

Idan baturin baturi ne na nickel-cadmium, idan bai cika cika ba ko kuma ya fita na dogon lokaci, zai bar burbushi akan baturin kuma ya rage ƙarfin baturin. Ana kiran wannan al'amari da tasirin ƙwaƙwalwar baturi.

4) Goge memory

Yi cikakken cajin baturin bayan ya fito don kawar da tasirin ƙwaƙwalwar baturin. Bugu da kari, sarrafa lokacin bisa ga umarnin a cikin jagorar, kuma maimaita cajin kuma saki sau biyu ko sau uku.

5) Adana baturi

Yana iya adana batura lithium a cikin tsabta, bushe, da ɗaki mai iska tare da yanayin yanayi na -5°C zuwa 35°C da ɗanɗanon zafi wanda bai wuce 75% ba. Ka guji haɗuwa da abubuwa masu lalata kuma ka nisantar da wuta da tushen zafi. Ana kiyaye ƙarfin baturi a 30% zuwa 50% na ƙarfin ƙididdigewa, kuma baturin ya fi cajin baturi sau ɗaya kowane watanni shida.

Lura: lissafin lokacin caji

1) Lokacin da cajin halin yanzu ya gaza ko daidai da 5% na ƙarfin baturi:

Lokacin caji (awa) = ƙarfin baturi (awanni milamps) × 1.6÷ caji na yanzu (milliamps)

2) Lokacin da cajin halin yanzu ya fi mahimmanci fiye da 5% na ƙarfin baturi kuma ƙasa da ko daidai da 10%:

Lokacin caji (awa) = ƙarfin baturi (mA hour) × 1.5% ÷ caji na yanzu (mA)

3) Lokacin da cajin halin yanzu ya fi 10% na ƙarfin baturi kuma ƙasa da ko daidai da 15%:

Lokacin caji (awa) = ƙarfin baturi (awanni milamps) × 1.3÷ caji na yanzu (milliamps)

4) Lokacin da cajin halin yanzu ya fi 15% na ƙarfin baturi kuma ƙasa da ko daidai da 20%:

Lokacin caji (awa) = ƙarfin baturi (awanni milamps) × 1.2÷ caji na yanzu (milliamps)

5) Lokacin da cajin halin yanzu ya wuce 20% na ƙarfin baturi:

Lokacin caji (awa) = ƙarfin baturi (awanni milamps) × 1.1÷ caji na yanzu (milliamps)

5.3 Zaɓin baturi

Sayi samfuran batir masu alama saboda ingancin waɗannan samfuran an tabbatar da su.

Dangane da buƙatun na'urorin lantarki, zaɓi nau'in baturi da girman da ya dace.

Kula da duba ranar samar da baturin da lokacin karewa.

Kula da hankali don duba bayyanar baturin kuma zaɓi baturi mai cike da kyau, mai kyau, tsafta, kuma batir mara yabo.

Da fatan za a kula da alamar alkaline ko alamar LR lokacin siyan batirin zinc-manganese na alkaline.

Domin sinadarin mercury da ke cikin baturi yana da illa ga muhalli, ya kamata a kula da kalmomin "No Mercury" da "0% Mercury" da aka rubuta akan baturin don kare muhalli.

5.4 Maimaita baturi

Akwai hanyoyi guda uku da aka saba amfani da su don batir sharar gida a duk duniya: ƙarfafawa da binnewa, ajiya a ma'adinan shara, da sake yin amfani da su.

An binne shi a cikin ma'adanin sharar gida bayan ƙarfafawa

Misali, wata masana’anta a kasar Faransa tana hako nickel da cadmium sannan ta yi amfani da nickel wajen yin karafa, sannan ana sake amfani da cadmium wajen samar da baturi. Gabaɗaya ana jigilar batir ɗin sharar gida zuwa matsuguni masu guba da haɗari, amma wannan hanyar tana da tsada kuma tana haifar da sharar ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da abubuwa masu mahimmanci da yawa a matsayin albarkatun kasa.

2. Amfani da

(1) Maganin zafi

(2) sarrafa rigar

(3) Maganin zafin jiki

Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi game da nau'in baturi.

1. Nau'in baturi nawa ne a duniya?

An raba batura zuwa batura marasa caji (batura na farko) da batura masu caji (batura na biyu).

2. Wane irin baturi ne ba za a iya cajin ba?

Busasshen baturi baturi ne wanda baya iya caji kuma ana kiransa babban baturi. Ana kuma kiran batura masu cajin baturi na biyu kuma ana iya cajin adadin lokuta kaɗan. An ƙera manyan batura ko busassun batura don amfani da su sau ɗaya sannan a jefar da su.

3. Me yasa ake kiran batir AA da AAA?

Amma babban bambanci shine girman saboda ana kiran batir AA da AAA saboda girmansu da girmansu. . . Mai ganowa ne kawai don jujjuyawar girman da aka bayar da ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki. Batirin AAA sun fi AA ƙanana.

4. Wane baturi ya fi dacewa ga wayoyin hannu?

lithium-polymer baturi

Batirin lithium polymer yana da kyawawan halayen fitarwa. Suna da babban inganci, aiki mai ƙarfi, da ƙananan matakan fitar da kai. Wannan yana nufin cewa baturin ba zai yi yawa sosai lokacin da ba a amfani da shi. Hakanan, karanta Fa'idodi 8 na Rooting Android Smartphones a cikin 2020!

5. Menene mafi girman girman baturi?

Girman baturi gama gari

AA baturi. Har ila yau, an san shi da "Double-A," baturan AA a halin yanzu shine mafi girman girman baturi. . .

AAA baturi. Ana kuma kiran batir AAA "AAA" kuma sune na biyu mafi shaharar baturi. . .

AAAA baturi

C baturin

D baturi

Baturi 9V

CR123A baturi

23A baturi