Batirin Lithium ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta 2019 a Chemistry!

An ba da lambar yabo ta Nobel ta 2019 a Chemistry ga John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, da Akira Yoshino saboda gudummawar da suka bayar a fannin batirin lithium.

Idan muka waiwaya baya a 1901-2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
A cikin 1901, Jacobs Henriks Vantov (Netherland): "An gano ka'idodin kimiyyar sinadarai da matsa lamba na osmotic na maganin."

1902, Hermann Fischer (Jamus): "Aiki a cikin kira na sugars da purines."

A cikin 1903, Sfant August Arrhenius (Sweden): "Ya gabatar da ka'idar ionization."

A cikin 1904, Sir William Ramsey (Birtaniya): "An gano abubuwa masu kyau na iskar gas a cikin iska kuma sun ƙaddara matsayinsu a cikin tebur na lokaci-lokaci."

A cikin 1905, Adolf von Bayer (Jamus): "Bincike akan rini na kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan kamshi na hydrogenated sun inganta haɓakar sinadarai da masana'antar sinadarai."

A cikin 1906, Henry Moissan (Faransa): "Bincike kuma ya ware sinadarin fluorine, kuma yayi amfani da tanderun lantarki mai suna bayansa."

1907, Edward Buchner (Jamus): "Aiki a cikin Bincike na Biochemical da Ganowar Haihuwar Kwayoyin Halitta."

A cikin 1908, Ernest Rutherford (Birtaniya): "Bincike a kan sauyin abubuwa da radiochemistry."

1909, Wilhelm Ostwald (Jamus): "Aikin bincike akan catalysis da ka'idodin ma'auni na sinadarai da ƙimar amsawar sinadarai."

A cikin 1910, Otto Wallach (Jamus): "Ayyukan majagaba a fagen mahaɗan alicyclic sun inganta haɓakar sinadarai da masana'antar sinadarai."

A cikin 1911, Marie Curie (Poland): "ya gano abubuwan da ke cikin radium da polonium, radium mai tsabta da kuma nazarin kaddarorin wannan nau'i mai ban mamaki da mahadi."

A 1912, Victor Grignard (Faransa): "Ƙirƙirar Grignard reagent";

Paul Sabatier (Faransa): "Ya ƙirƙira hanyar hydrogenation na mahadi na kwayoyin halitta a gaban foda mai kyau."

A 1913, Alfred Werner (Switzerland): "Nazarin atomic sadarwa a cikin kwayoyin, musamman a fagen inorganic sunadarai."

A cikin 1914, Theodore William Richards (Amurka): "Madaidaicin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun nauyin atomic na babban adadin abubuwan sinadaran."

A 1915, Richard Wilstedt (Jamus): "Nazarin shuka pigments, musamman nazarin chlorophyll."

A cikin 1916, ba a ba da kyauta ba.

A cikin 1917, ba a ba da kyauta ba.

A 1918, Fritz Haber Jamus "bincike a kan kira na ammonia daga sauki abubuwa."

A cikin 1919, ba a ba da kyauta ba.

1920, Walter Nernst (Jamus): "Nazarin thermochemistry."

A cikin 1921, Frederick Soddy (Birtaniya): "Taimakawa ga fahimtar mutane game da sinadarai na kayan aikin rediyo, da kuma nazarin asali da kaddarorin isotopes."

A cikin 1922, Francis Aston (Birtaniya): "An gano adadi mai yawa na isotopes na abubuwan da ba su da radiyo ta amfani da na'urar duban ra'ayi, kuma an fayyace ka'idar integers."

A cikin 1923, Fritz Pregel (Austria): "Ya halicci hanyar microanalysis na mahadi."

A cikin 1924, ba a ba da kyauta ba.

A cikin 1925, Richard Adolf Sigmund (Jamus): "Ya bayyana nau'ikan nau'ikan hanyoyin magance colloidal kuma ya haifar da hanyoyin bincike masu alaƙa."

A cikin 1926, Teodor Svedberg (Sweden): "Nazari a kan tsarin da aka raba."

A cikin 1927, Heinrich Otto Wieland (Jamus): "Bincike akan tsarin bile acid da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa."

1928, Adolf Wendaus (Jamus): "Nazari a kan tsarin steroids da dangantakar su da bitamin."

A 1929, Arthur Harden (Birtaniya), Hans von Euler-Cherpin (Jamus): "Nazari a kan fermentation na sugars da fermentation enzymes."

1930, Hans Fischer (Jamus): "Nazarin da abun da ke ciki na heme da chlorophyll, musamman nazarin kira na heme."

A cikin 1931, Karl Bosch (Jamus), Friedrich Bergius (Jamus): "Kirƙira da haɓaka fasahar sinadarai masu ƙarfi."

A cikin 1932, Irving Lanmere (Amurka): "Bincike da Gano Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Sama."

A cikin 1933, ba a ba da kyauta ba.

A 1934, Harold Clayton Yuri (Amurka): "gano hydrogen mai nauyi."

A cikin 1935, Frederic Yorio-Curie (Faransa), Irene Yorio-Curie (Faransa): "An haɗa sabbin abubuwa masu radiyo."

1936, Peter Debye (Netherlands): "Fahimtar tsarin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar nazarin lokutan dipole da bambancin ra'ayoyin X da electrons a cikin gas."

1937, Walter Haworth (Birtaniya): "Bincike akan Carbohydrates da Vitamin C";

Paul Keller (Switzerland): "Bincike akan carotenoids, flavin, bitamin A da bitamin B2".

1938, Richard Kuhn (Jamus): "Bincike akan carotenoids da bitamin."

A cikin 1939, Adolf Butnant (Jamus): "Bincike a kan jima'i hormones";

Lavoslav Ruzicka (Switzerland): "Bincike a kan polymethylene da mafi girma terpenes."

A cikin 1940, ba a ba da kyauta ba.

A cikin 1941, ba a ba da kyauta ba.

A cikin 1942, ba a ba da kyauta ba.

A cikin 1943, George Dehevesi (Hungary): "Ana amfani da isotopes a matsayin masu bincike a cikin nazarin hanyoyin sinadarai."

A cikin 1944, Otto Hahn (Jamus): "Gano fission na nukiliya mai nauyi."

A cikin 1945, Alturi Ilmari Vertanen (Finland): "Bincike da ƙirƙira na noma da sinadirai masu gina jiki, musamman hanyar adana abinci."

A cikin 1946, James B. Sumner (Amurka): "An gano cewa ana iya yin crystallized enzymes";

John Howard Northrop (Amurka), Wendell Meredith Stanley (Amurka): "Shirya high-tsarki enzymes da kwayar cutar kwayar cuta."

A cikin 1947, Sir Robert Robinson (Birtaniya): "Bincike kan samfuran shuka masu mahimmancin ilimin halitta, musamman alkaloids."

A cikin 1948, Arne Tisselius (Sweden): "Bincike a kan electrophoresis da bincike na adsorption, musamman a kan hadadden yanayin sunadarai na jini."

A cikin 1949, William Geok (Amurka): "Taimako a fagen ilimin thermodynamics, musamman nazarin abubuwan da ke ƙarƙashin ultra-low zazzabi."

A 1950, Otto Diels (Yammacin Jamus), Kurt Alder (Yammacin Jamus): "gano da kuma ci gaba da diene kira hanya."

A cikin 1951, Edwin Macmillan (Amurka), Glenn Theodore Seaborg (Amurka): "an gano abubuwan transuranic."

A cikin 1952, Archer John Porter Martin (Birtaniya), Richard Lawrence Millington Singer (Birtaniya): "Ƙirƙirar chromatography partition."

1953, Hermann Staudinger (Jamus ta Yamma): "Bincike na bincike a fagen ilimin kimiyyar polymer."

1954, Linus Pauling (Amurka): "Nazarin kaddarorin haɗin gwiwar sinadarai da aikace-aikacensa a cikin fayyace tsarin abubuwa masu rikitarwa."

A cikin 1955, Vincent Divinho (Amurka): "Bincike a kan abubuwan da ke tattare da sulfur na mahimmancin biochemical, musamman ma haɗin gwiwar peptide hormones a karon farko."

A 1956, Cyril Hinshelwood (Birtaniya) da kuma Nikolai Semenov (Soviet Union): "Bincike a kan tsarin sinadaran halayen."

1957, Alexander R. Todd (Birtaniya): "Yana aiki a cikin nazarin nucleotides da nucleotide coenzymes."

1958, Frederick Sanger (Birtaniya): "Nazarin tsarin gina jiki da abun da ke ciki, musamman nazarin insulin."

A 1959, Jaroslav Herovsky (Jamhuriyar Czech): "gano da kuma ci gaba da polarographic hanyar bincike."

A cikin 1960, Willard Libby (Amurka): "An ƙirƙira hanyar saduwa ta amfani da isotope carbon 14, wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a fannin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, ilimin geology, geophysics, da sauran fannoni."

1961, Melvin Calvin (Amurka): "Bincike akan shayar da carbon dioxide ta tsire-tsire."

A cikin 1962, Max Perutz UK da John Kendrew UK "bincike kan tsarin sunadarai masu siffar zobe."

1963, Carl Ziegler (Jamus ta Yamma), Gurio Natta (Italiya): "Binciken bincike a fagen ilmin sunadarai da fasaha na polymer."

A cikin 1964, Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin (Birtaniya): "Amfani da fasahar X-ray don nazarin tsarin wasu muhimman abubuwan sinadarai na halitta."

A cikin 1965, Robert Burns Woodward (Amurka): "Nasarar Nasarar Mahimmanci a Tsarin Tsarin Halitta."

1966, Robert Mulliken (Amurka): "Bincike na asali akan haɗin sinadarai da tsarin lantarki na kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kwayoyin halitta."

A 1967, Manfred Eigen (Yammacin Jamus), Ronald George Rayford Norris (Birtaniya), George Porter (Birtaniya): "Amfani da wani gajeren makamashi bugun jini don daidaita dauki Hanyar perturbation, nazarin high-gudun sinadaran halayen."

A cikin 1968, Lars Onsager (Amurka): "ya gano ma'amala mai ma'ana mai suna bayansa, wanda ya kafa harsashin tsarin thermodynamics na matakan da ba za a iya jurewa ba."

A 1969, Derek Barton (Birtaniya), Odd Hassel (Norway): "Ci gaba da manufar conformation da aikace-aikace a cikin ilmin sunadarai."

A 1970, Luiz Federico Leloire (Argentina): "gano sugar nucleotides da kuma rawa a cikin biosynthesis na carbohydrates."

1971, Gerhard Herzberg (Kanada): "Bincike a kan tsarin lantarki da lissafi na kwayoyin halitta, musamman ma free radicals."

1972, Christian B. Anfinson (Amurka): "Bincike akan ribonuclease, musamman nazarin alakar dake tsakanin jerin amino acid dinsa da kuma yanayin aiki na halitta";

Stanford Moore (Amurka), William Howard Stein (Amurka): "Nazari kan alakar dake tsakanin ayyukan catalytic na cibiyar aiki na kwayoyin ribonuclease da tsarin sinadarai."

A cikin 1973, Ernst Otto Fischer (Jamus ta Yamma) da kuma Jeffrey Wilkinson (Birtaniya): "Bincike na farko a kan abubuwan sinadarai na mahaɗan ƙarfe-kwayoyin halitta, wanda kuma aka sani da mahaɗan sandwich."

1974, Paul Flory (Amurka): "Bincike na asali akan ka'idar da gwaji na sinadarai na polymer."

1975, John Conforth (Birtaniya): "Nazari a kan stereochemistry na enzyme-catalyzed halayen."

Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland): "Nazari a kan stereochemistry na kwayoyin halitta da halayen";

1976, William Lipscomb (Amurka): "Nazarin tsarin borane ya bayyana matsalar haɗin gwiwar sinadarai."

A 1977, Ilya Prigogine (Belgium): "Taimakawa ga wadanda ba ma'auni thermodynamics, musamman ka'idar dissipative tsarin."

A cikin 1978, Peter Mitchell (Birtaniya): "Amfani da ka'idar ka'idar da ke tattare da sinadarai don taimakawa wajen fahimtar canjin makamashin halittu."

A cikin 1979, Herbert Brown (Amurka) da Georg Wittig (Jamus ta Yamma): "Ƙirƙirar boron-dauke da phosphorous mahadi a matsayin muhimman reagents a cikin kwayoyin kira, bi da bi."

A 1980, Paul Berg (Amurka): "Nazarin biochemistry na nucleic acid, musamman nazarin DNA recombinant";

Walter Gilbert (Amurka), Frederick Sanger (Birtaniya): "Hanyoyi don Ƙayyadaddun Tsarin Tsarin DNA a cikin Nucleic Acids."

A cikin 1981, Kenichi Fukui (Japan) da kuma Rod Hoffman (Amurka): "Bayyana abin da ya faru na halayen sinadarai ta hanyar ci gaban kansu na ka'idoji."

A cikin 1982, Aaron Kluger (Birtaniya): "Ci gaba da kristal electron microscopy kuma yayi nazarin tsarin nucleic acid-protein complexes tare da mahimmancin ilimin halitta."

A 1983, Henry Taub (Amurka): "Bincike a kan tsarin da electron canja wurin halayen musamman a karfe hadaddun."

A cikin 1984, Robert Bruce Merrifield (Amurka): "Haɓaka hanyar haɗakar sinadarai mai ƙarfi."

A cikin 1985, Herbert Hauptman (Amurka), Jerome Carr (Amurka): "Nasarar da aka samu a cikin ci gaban hanyoyin kai tsaye don ƙayyade tsarin crystal."

A cikin 1986, Dudley Hirschbach (Amurka), Li Yuanzhe (Amurka), John Charles Polanyi (Kanada): "Taimakawa ga nazarin tsarin motsa jiki na halayen halayen farko."

A cikin 1987, Donald Kramm (Amurka), Jean-Marie Lane (Faransa), Charles Pedersen (Amurka): "Ƙungiyoyin da aka haɓaka da kuma amfani da su waɗanda za su iya yin hulɗar musamman na musamman."

A cikin 1988, John Dysenhofer (Jamus ta Yamma), Robert Huber (Jamus ta Yamma), Hartmut Michel (Jamus ta Yamma): "Ƙaddamar da tsarin mai girma uku na cibiyar daukar hoto."

A cikin 1989, Sydney Altman (Kanada), Thomas Cech (Amurka): "gano kaddarorin RNA."

A cikin 1990, Elias James Corey (Amurka): "Ƙirar da ka'idar da kuma hanyoyin da kwayoyin kira."

1991, Richard Ernst (Switzerland): "Taimakawa ga ci gaba da haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar sinadarai (NMR).

A cikin 1992, Rudolph Marcus (Amurka): "Gudunmawa ga ka'idar canjin electron a cikin tsarin sinadarai."

A cikin 1993, Kelly Mullis (Amurka): "Hanyoyin bincike na sinadarai na tushen DNA da haɓaka sarkar polymerase (PCR)";

Michael Smith (Kanada): "Hanyoyin bincike-binciken sinadarai na DNA, kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga kafa mutagenesis na tushen tushen oligonucleotide da kuma muhimmiyar gudummawar da yake bayarwa ga ci gaban bincike na furotin."

A 1994, George Andrew Euler (Amurka): "Gudunmawa ga bincike na carbocation sunadarai."

A cikin 1995, Paul Crutzen (Netherland), Mario Molina (Amurka), Frank Sherwood Rowland (Amurka): "Bincike a kan sinadarai na yanayi, musamman bincike kan samuwar ozone da lalata."

1996 Robert Cole (Amurka), Harold Kroto (United Kingdom), Richard Smalley (Amurka): "Gano fullerene."

A cikin 1997, Paul Boyer (Amurka), John Walker (Birtaniya), Jens Christian Sko (Denmark): "Ya fayyace tsarin inzymatic catalytic a cikin kira na adenosine triphosphate (ATP)."

A cikin 1998, Walter Cohen (Amurka): "ka'idar aiki mai yawa";

John Paparoma (Birtaniya): Ƙirƙirar hanyoyin lissafi a cikin sinadarai masu yawa.

A cikin 1999, Yamid Ziwell (Misira): "Nazari a kan sauyin yanayi na sinadaran halayen ta amfani da femtosecond spectroscopy."

A cikin 2000, Alan Haig (Amurka), McDelmead (Amurka), Hideki Shirakawa (Japan): "ganowa da haɓaka polymers masu ɗaukar nauyi."

A cikin 2001, William Standish Knowles (US) da Noyori Ryoji (Japan): "Bincike akan Chiral Catalytic Hydrogenation";

Barry Sharpless (Amurka): "Nazari akan Chiral Catalytic Oxidation."

A cikin 2002, John Bennett Finn (Amurka) da Koichi Tanaka (Japan): "Hanyoyin da aka haɓaka don ganowa da kuma tsarin nazarin halittu na macromolecules, da kuma kafa hanyar ionization mai laushi mai laushi don nazarin spectrometry na nazarin halittu na macromolecules";

Kurt Wittrich (Switzerland): "Hanyoyin da aka haɓaka don ganowa da kuma nazarin tsarin nazarin halittu macromolecules, kuma sun kafa hanya don nazarin tsarin nau'i-nau'i uku na macromolecules na nazarin halittu a cikin bayani ta hanyar amfani da makaman nukiliya na spectroscopy."

A cikin 2003, Peter Agre (Amurka): "Nazarin tashoshin ion a cikin membranes tantanin halitta sun sami tashoshin ruwa";

Roderick McKinnon (Amurka): "Nazarin tashoshin ion a cikin membranes tantanin halitta, nazarin tsarin tashar ion da tsarin."

A cikin 2004, Aaron Chehanovo (Isra'ila), Avram Hershko (Isra'ila), Owen Ross (Amurka): "an gano lalatawar sunadaran da ke cikin tsaka-tsaki."

A cikin 2005, Yves Chauvin (Faransa), Robert Grubb (Amurka), Richard Schrock (Amurka): "Ci gaba da hanyar metathesis a cikin kwayoyin halitta."

A cikin 2006, Roger Kornberg (Amurka): "Bincike akan tushen kwayoyin halittar eukaryotic."

2007, Gerhard Eter (Jamus): "Bincike akan tsarin sinadarai na m saman."

A cikin 2008, Shimomura Osamu (Japan), Martin Chalfie (Amurka), Qian Yongjian (Amurka): "An gano kuma an gyara furotin mai kyalli (GFP)."

A cikin 2009, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (Birtaniya), Thomas Steitz (Amurka), Ada Jonat (Isra'ila): "Bincike kan tsari da aikin ribosomes."

2010 Richard Heck (Amurka), Negishi (Japan), Suzuki Akira (Japan): "Bincike a kan Palladium-catalyzed Coupling Reaction in Organic Synthesis."

A cikin 2011, Daniel Shechtman (Isra'ila): "Ganowar quasicrystals."

A cikin 2012, Robert Lefkowitz, Bryan Kebirka (Amurka): "Bincike akan masu karɓar furotin G".

A cikin 2013, Martin Capras (Amurka), Michael Levitt (United Kingdom), Yale Vachel: Ƙirƙirar ƙira mai ƙima don tsarin sinadarai masu rikitarwa.

A cikin 2014, Eric Bezig (Amurka), Stefan W. Hull (Jamus), William Esko Molnar (Amurka): Nasarorin da aka samu a fagen Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy Achievement.

A cikin 2015, Thomas Lindahl (Sweden), Paul Modric (Amurka), Aziz Sanjar (Turkiyya): Bincike kan tsarin salula na gyaran DNA.

A cikin 2016, Jean-Pierre Sova (Faransa), James Fraser Stuart (UK/US), Bernard Felinga (Netherlands): Zane da kuma kira na kwayoyin inji.

A cikin 2017, Jacques Dubochet (Switzerland), Achim Frank (Jamus), Richard Henderson (Birtaniya): ɓullo da cryo-electron microscopes domin high-ƙuduri tsarin kayyade biomolecules a cikin bayani.

Rabin lambobin yabo na 2018 an ba da kyautar ga masanin kimiyyar Amurka Frances H. Arnold (Frances H. Arnold) don fahimtar yadda ta fahimci juyin halittar enzymes; da sauran rabin aka bayar ga American masana kimiyya (George P. Smith) da kuma Birtaniya masanin kimiyya Gregory P. Winter (Gregory P. Winter) a gane Sun gane phage nuni fasaha na peptides da antibodies.