Lithium baturi classic 100 tambayoyi, ana shawarar a tattara!

Tare da goyon bayan manufofi, buƙatar baturan lithium zai karu. Aiwatar da sabbin fasahohi da sabbin nau'ikan ci gaban tattalin arziki za su zama babban ƙarfin "juyin masana'antar lithium." yana iya bayyana makomar kamfanonin batir lithium da aka jera. Yanzu warware tambayoyi 100 game da baturan lithium; barka da tara!

DAYA. Tushen ƙa'ida da ƙa'idodin asali na baturi

1. Menene baturi?

Batura wani nau'i ne na jujjuya makamashi da na'urorin ajiya waɗanda ke juyar da makamashin sinadarai ko na zahiri zuwa makamashin lantarki ta hanyar amsawa. Dangane da canjin makamashi daban-daban na baturin, ana iya raba baturin zuwa baturin sinadarai da baturi na halitta.

Batirin sinadari ko tushen wutar lantarki shine na'urar da ke canza makamashin sinadarai zuwa makamashin lantarki. Ya ƙunshi na'urorin lantarki guda biyu masu aiki da lantarki tare da sassa daban-daban, bi da bi, waɗanda suka haɗa da na'urori masu inganci da mara kyau. Ana amfani da wani abu mai sinadari wanda zai iya samar da hanyoyin watsa labarai azaman electrolyte. Lokacin da aka haɗa shi da mai ɗaukar hoto na waje, yana ba da makamashin lantarki ta hanyar canza makamashin sinadarai na ciki.

Batirin jiki na'ura ce da ke canza kuzarin jiki zuwa makamashin lantarki.

2. Menene bambance-bambance tsakanin batura na farko da na biyu?

Babban bambanci shi ne cewa kayan aiki ya bambanta. Abun aiki na baturi na biyu yana iya juyawa, yayin da kayan aiki na baturi na farko baya. Fitar da kai na baturi na farko ya fi na baturi na biyu yawa. Duk da haka, juriya na ciki ya fi girma fiye da na baturi na biyu, don haka ƙarfin lodi ya kasance ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙima da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙarfin baturi na farko sun fi na batura masu caji.

3. Menene ka'idar electrochemical na batirin Ni-MH?

Batura Ni-MH suna amfani da Ni oxide azaman ingantacciyar lantarki, ƙarfen ajiyar hydrogen azaman lantarki mara kyau, da lye (yafi KOH) azaman electrolyte. Lokacin cajin baturin nickel-hydrogen:

Kyakkyawan halayen lantarki: Ni(OH) 2 + OH- → NiOOH + H2O–e-

Rashin halayen lantarki: M+H2O +e-→ MH+ OH-

Lokacin da batirin Ni-MH ya cika:

Kyakkyawan halayen lantarki: NiOOH + H2O + e- → Ni(OH) 2 + OH-

Rashin amsawar lantarki: MH+ OH- →M+H2O +e-

4. Menene ka'idar electrochemical na baturan lithium-ion?

Babban bangaren tabbataccen lantarki na baturin lithium-ion shine LiCoO2, kuma mummunan lantarki shine yafi C. Lokacin caji,

Kyakkyawan amsawar lantarki: LiCoO2 → Li1-xCoO2 + xLi+ + xe-

Maganin mara kyau: C + xLi+ + xe- → CLix

Jimlar amsawar baturi: LiCoO2 + C → Li1-xCoO2 + CLix

Juya halin halayen da ke sama yana faruwa yayin fitarwa.

5. Menene ka'idodin da aka saba amfani da su don batura?

Ma'auni na IEC da aka saba amfani da shi don batura: Ma'auni na batir hydride nickel-metal shine IEC61951-2: 2003; masana'antar batirin lithium-ion gabaɗaya tana bin ka'idodin UL ko na ƙasa.

Ma'auni na ƙasa da aka fi amfani da su don batura: Ma'auni na baturan hydride nickel-metal sune GB/T15100_1994, GB/T18288_2000; Ma'aunin batirin lithium shine GB/T10077_1998, YD/T998_1999, da GB/T18287_2000.

Bugu da ƙari, ƙa'idodin da aka saba amfani da su don batura kuma sun haɗa da Ma'aunin Masana'antu na Japan JIS C akan batura.

IEC, Hukumar Kula da Lantarki ta Duniya (Hukumar Lantarki ta Duniya), ƙungiya ce ta daidaita daidaiton duniya wacce ta ƙunshi kwamitocin lantarki na ƙasashe daban-daban. Manufarsa ita ce haɓaka daidaitattun filayen lantarki da na lantarki na duniya. Ma'auni na IEC ma'auni ne da Hukumar Fasaha ta Duniya ta tsara.

6. Menene babban tsarin baturin Ni-MH?

Babban abubuwan da ke cikin batir hydride na nickel-karfe sune takarda mai kyau na lantarki (nickel oxide), takardar lantarki mara kyau (garin ajiya na hydrogen), electrolyte (yafi KOH), takarda diaphragm, zoben rufewa, hular lantarki mai kyau, akwati baturi, da sauransu.

7. Menene manyan abubuwan tsarin batir lithium-ion?

Babban abubuwan da ke cikin batir lithium-ion sune murfin baturi na sama da ƙananan, takaddun lantarki mai kyau (aiki mai aiki shine lithium cobalt oxide), mai raba (membrane na musamman na musamman), gurɓataccen lantarki (kayan aiki shine carbon), Organic electrolyte, case baturi (kasu kashi biyu na karfe harsashi da aluminum harsashi) da sauransu.

8. Menene juriya na ciki na baturi?

Yana nufin juriya da halin yanzu ke gudana ta cikin baturin lokacin da baturin ke aiki. Ya ƙunshi juriya na ciki na ohmic da juriya na ciki. Mahimman juriya na ciki na baturi zai rage yawan wutar lantarki mai aiki da baturi kuma ya rage lokacin fitarwa. Juriya na ciki ya fi shafar kayan baturi, tsarin masana'anta, tsarin baturi, da sauran abubuwa. Yana da mahimmancin siga don auna aikin baturi. Lura: Gabaɗaya, juriya na ciki a cikin cajin jihar shine ma'auni. Don ƙididdige juriya na ciki na baturi, yakamata ya yi amfani da na'urar juriya ta ciki ta musamman maimakon multimeter a cikin kewayon ohm.

9. Menene ma'aunin wutar lantarki?

Wutar lantarki na baturi yana nufin ƙarfin lantarki da ake nunawa yayin aiki na yau da kullun. Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na batirin nickel-cadmium nickel-hydrogen na biyu shine 1.2V; Nau'in ƙarfin lantarki na batirin lithium na biyu shine 3.6V.

10. Menene buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki?

Buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki yana nufin bambanci mai yuwuwa tsakanin ingantattun na'urorin lantarki na baturi lokacin da baturin ba ya aiki, wato lokacin da babu halin yanzu da ke gudana ta cikin kewaye. Wutar lantarki mai aiki, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙarfin lantarki, yana nufin yuwuwar bambance-bambancen tsakanin ingantattun sandunan baturi da korau lokacin da baturin ke aiki, wato, lokacin da aka sami yawaita a cikin kewaye.

11. Menene ƙarfin baturin?

An raba ƙarfin baturin zuwa ikon da aka ƙididdigewa da ainihin iyawa. Ƙarfin ƙimar baturi yana nufin ƙa'ida ko garantin cewa baturi ya kamata ya fitar da mafi ƙarancin adadin wutar lantarki a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayin fitarwa yayin ƙira da kera guguwar. Ma'auni na IEC ya nuna cewa nickel-cadmium da nickel-metal hydride baturi ana caje su a 0.1C na tsawon awanni 16 kuma ana fitar dasu a 0.2C zuwa 1.0V a zazzabi na 20°C±5°C. An bayyana ƙarfin ƙarfin baturin azaman C5. An kayyade batir Lithium-ion don yin cajin sa'o'i 3 a ƙarƙashin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin halin yanzu (1C) -waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi (4.2V) suna sarrafa yanayin buƙata, sa'an nan kuma fitarwa a 0.2C zuwa 2.75V lokacin da aka ƙididdige wutar lantarki. Haƙiƙanin ƙarfin baturi yana nufin ainihin ƙarfin da guguwar ta fitar a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi fitarwa, wanda ƙimar fitarwa da zafin jiki ya fi shafa (don haka a zahiri, ƙarfin baturi yakamata ya ƙayyade yanayin caji da fitarwa). Naúrar ƙarfin baturi shine Ah, mAh (1Ah=1000mAh).

12. Menene ragowar ƙarfin fitarwa na baturin?

Lokacin da baturi mai caji ya cika tare da babban halin yanzu (kamar 1C ko sama), saboda "tasirin bottleneck" da ke cikin adadin watsawa na ciki na abin da ke faruwa a halin yanzu, baturin ya kai matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki lokacin da ƙarfin bai cika ba. , sa'an nan kuma yana amfani da ƙananan halin yanzu kamar 0.2C na iya ci gaba da cirewa, har sai 1.0V / yanki (nickel-cadmium da nickel-hydrogen baturi) da 3.0V / yanki (batir lithium), ƙarfin da aka saki ana kiransa ragowar ƙarfin.

13. Menene dandalin fitarwa?

Dandalin fitarwa na batura masu cajin Ni-MH yawanci yana nufin kewayon ƙarfin lantarki wanda ƙarfin ƙarfin baturi a cikinsa yana da ɗan kwanciyar hankali lokacin da aka fitar dashi ƙarƙashin takamaiman tsarin fitarwa. Darajarsa tana da alaƙa da fitarwar halin yanzu. Mafi girma na halin yanzu, ƙananan nauyi. Dandalin fitar da batir lithium-ion gabaɗaya shine don dakatar da caji lokacin da ƙarfin lantarki ya kasance 4.2V, kuma na yanzu bai kai 0.01C ba akan wutar lantarki akai-akai, sannan a bar shi na tsawon mintuna 10, sannan a watsar zuwa 3.6V a kowane ƙimar fitarwa. halin yanzu. Yana da ma'auni mai mahimmanci don auna ingancin batura.

Na biyu gano baturi.

14. Menene hanyar yiwa batir masu caji da IEC ta ayyana?

Dangane da ma'aunin IEC, alamar batirin Ni-MH ta ƙunshi sassa 5.

01) Nau'in baturi: HF da HR suna nuna batir hydride nickel-metal

02) Bayanin girman baturi: gami da diamita da tsayin baturin zagaye, tsayi, faɗi, da kauri na baturin murabba'in, da ƙimar. an rabu da slash, naúrar: mm

03) Alamar fitarwa: L yana nufin cewa ƙimar fitarwa mai dacewa tana tsakanin 0.5C

M yana nuna cewa ƙimar fitarwa mai dacewa tana tsakanin 0.5-3.5C

H yana nuna cewa ƙimar fitarwa mai dacewa tana tsakanin 3.5-7.0C

X yana nuna cewa baturin zai iya aiki a matsakaicin yawan fitarwa na 7C-15C.

04) Alamar baturi mai zafi: wakilta T

05) yanki na haɗin baturi: CF yana wakiltar babu yanki na haɗin kai, HH yana wakiltar haɗin haɗin don nau'in nau'in nau'in baturi, kuma HB yana wakiltar haɗin haɗin haɗin gefe-da-gefe na haɗin baturi.

Misali, HF18/07/49 tana wakiltar baturi mai murabba'in nickel-metal hydride baturi mai faɗin 18mm, 7mm, da tsayin 49mm.

KRMT33/62HH yana wakiltar baturin nickel-cadmium; Yawan fitarwa yana tsakanin 0.5C-3.5, babban zazzabi jerin baturi guda ɗaya (ba tare da haɗin haɗin gwiwa ba), diamita 33mm, tsayi 62mm.

Dangane da ma'aunin IEC61960, gano batirin lithium na biyu shine kamar haka:

01) Ƙunshin tambarin baturi: haruffa 3, tare da lambobi biyar (cylindrical) ko 6 (square) lambobi.

02) Harafin farko: yana nuna cutarwa kayan lantarki na baturi. I-yana wakiltar lithium-ion tare da ginanniyar baturi; L-yana wakiltar lithium karfe electrode ko lithium gami da lantarki.

03) Harafi na biyu: yana nuna kayan cathode na baturin. C-cobalt na tushen lantarki; N — lantarki mai tushen nickel; M - lantarki mai tushen manganese; V-mai lantarki mai tushen vanadium.

04) Harafi na uku: yana nuna siffar baturin. R-yana wakiltar baturin silinda; L-yana wakiltar baturi murabba'i.

05) Lambobi: Batirin Silindrical: Lambobi 5 suna nuna diamita da tsayin guguwa. Naúrar diamita millimita ce, kuma girmanta shine goma na millimita. Lokacin da kowane diamita ko tsayi ya fi ko daidai da 100mm, ya kamata ya ƙara layin diagonal tsakanin masu girma dabam biyu.

Baturin murabba'i: Lambobi 6 suna nuna kauri, faɗi, da tsayin guguwar a millimeters. Lokacin da kowane nau'i na uku ya fi girma ko daidai da 100mm, ya kamata ya ƙara slash tsakanin ma'auni; idan daya daga cikin ma'auni guda uku bai wuce 1mm ba, ana ƙara harafin "t" a gaban wannan girman, kuma naúrar wannan girman shine kashi goma na millimeter.

Misali, ICR18650 tana wakiltar baturin lithium-ion na biyu na silinda; Cathode abu ne cobalt, diamita ne game da 18mm, da tsawo ne game da 65mm.

Saukewa: ICR20/1050.

ICP083448 yana wakiltar baturin lithium-ion na biyu na murabba'i; Cathode abu cobalt ne, kauri ne game da 8mm, nisa ne game da 34mm, da tsawo ne game da 48mm.

ICP08/34/150 yana wakiltar baturin lithium-ion na biyu na murabba'i; Cathode abu cobalt ne, kauri ne game da 8mm, nisa ne game da 34mm, da tsawo - game da 150mm.

ICPt73448 yana wakiltar baturin lithium-ion na biyu na murabba'i; Cathode abu cobalt ne, kauri ne game da 0.7mm, nisa ne game da 34mm, da tsawo - game da 48mm.

15. Menene marufi na baturi?

01) Meson mara bushewa (takarda) kamar takarda fiber, tef mai gefe biyu

02) Fim ɗin PVC, bututu alamar kasuwanci

03) Haɗin kai: takardar bakin karfe, takardar nickel mai tsabta, takardar karfe mai nickel-plated

04) Gubar-fita yanki: bakin karfe yanki (mai sauƙin solder)

Tabbataccen nickel (tabo-welded da ƙarfi)

05) Tushe

06) Abubuwan kariya kamar maɓallan sarrafa zafin jiki, masu karewa da yawa, masu iyakance iyaka na yanzu

07) Carton, akwatin takarda

08) Filastik harsashi

16. Menene maƙasudin fakitin baturi, taro, da ƙira?

01) Kyakkyawan, alama

02) Ƙarfin baturi yana da iyaka. Don samun ƙarfin lantarki mafi girma, dole ne ya haɗa batura da yawa a jere.

03) Kare baturi, hana gajeriyar kewayawa, da tsawaita rayuwar baturi

04) Iyakar girman girma

05) Sauƙin sufuri

06) Zane na musamman ayyuka, kamar hana ruwa, musamman bayyanar zane, da dai sauransu.

Uku, aikin baturi da gwaji

17. Menene babban al'amurran aikin baturi na biyu gabaɗaya?

Ya fi hada da irin ƙarfin lantarki, juriya na ciki, iya aiki, yawan makamashi, matsa lamba na ciki, yawan zubar da kai, rayuwar sake zagayowar, aikin rufewa, aikin aminci, aikin ajiya, bayyanar, da dai sauransu. Akwai kuma karin cajin, zubar da ruwa, da juriya na lalata.

18. Menene amincin abubuwan gwajin batirin?

01) Rayuwar zagayowar

02) Halayen fitarwa daban-daban

03) Halayen fitarwa a yanayin zafi daban-daban

04) Halayen caji

05) Halayen fitar da kai

06) Halayen ajiya

07) Halayen wuce gona da iri

08) Halayen juriya na ciki a yanayin zafi daban-daban

09) Gwajin zagayowar yanayin zafi

10) Sauke gwajin

11) Gwajin girgiza

12) Gwajin iya aiki

13) Gwajin juriya na ciki

14) Gwajin GMS

15) Gwajin tasiri mai girma da ƙananan zafin jiki

16) Gwajin girgiza injina

17) Yawan zafin jiki da gwajin zafi

19. Menene abubuwan gwajin lafiyar baturi?

01) Gwajin gajeren zango

02) Gwajin wuce gona da iri

03) Juriya gwajin ƙarfin lantarki

04) Gwajin tasiri

05) Gwajin girgiza

06) Gwajin zafi

07) Gwajin wuta

09) Gwajin sake zagayowar zafin jiki mai canzawa

10) Gwajin cajin dabara

11) Gwajin sauke kyauta

12) Gwajin ƙarancin iska

13) Jarabawar fitarwa ta tilas

15) Gwajin dumama wutar lantarki

17) Gwajin girgiza thermal

19) Gwajin Acupuncture

20) Gwajin matsi

21) Gwajin tasiri mai nauyi

20. Menene daidaitattun hanyoyin caji?

Hanyar caji na batirin Ni-MH:

01) Cajin na yau da kullun: cajin halin yanzu shine takamaiman ƙima a cikin tsarin caji gabaɗaya; wannan hanya ita ce ta fi kowa;

02) Cajin wutar lantarki na yau da kullun: Yayin aiwatar da caji, duka ƙarshen cajin wutar lantarki suna kiyaye ƙima akai-akai, kuma abin da ke cikin kewaye yana raguwa a hankali yayin da ƙarfin baturi ya ƙaru;

03) Cajin wutar lantarki akai-akai da akai-akai: An fara cajin baturi tare da na yau da kullun (CC). Lokacin da ƙarfin baturi ya tashi zuwa ƙayyadaddun ƙima, ƙarfin lantarki ya kasance baya canzawa (CV), kuma iskan da ke cikin kewayawa ya ragu zuwa ƙaramin adadin, a ƙarshe ya zama sifili.

Hanyar cajin baturin lithium:

Cajin wutar lantarki akai-akai da akai-akai: An fara cajin baturi tare da m halin yanzu (CC). Lokacin da ƙarfin baturi ya tashi zuwa ƙayyadaddun ƙima, ƙarfin lantarki ya kasance baya canzawa (CV), kuma iskan da ke cikin kewayawa ya ragu zuwa ƙaramin adadin, a ƙarshe ya zama sifili.

21. Menene daidaitaccen caji da fitarwa na batir Ni-MH?

Ƙididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa ta IEC ta tanadi cewa daidaitattun caji da cajin batir ɗin nickel-metal hydride shine: da farko zazzage baturin a 0.2C zuwa 1.0V/piece, sannan a yi caji a 0.1C na tsawon awanni 16, a bar shi na awa 1, sannan a saka shi. a 0.2C zuwa 1.0V/piece, wato Don caji da fitar da ma'aunin baturi.

22. Menene cajin bugun jini? Menene tasirin aikin baturi?

Cajin bugun jini gabaɗaya yana amfani da caji da fitarwa, saita tsawon daƙiƙa 5 sannan a sakewa na sakan 1. Zai rage yawancin iskar oxygen da ake samarwa yayin aiwatar da caji zuwa electrolytes a ƙarƙashin bugun bugun jini. Ba wai kawai yana iyakance adadin vaporization na electrolyte na ciki ba, amma waɗannan tsoffin batura waɗanda aka lalata su a hankali za su warke a hankali ko kusanci ƙarfin asali bayan sau 5-10 na caji da caji ta amfani da wannan hanyar caji.

23. Menene cajin tudu?

Ana amfani da cajin dabara don gyara asarar ƙarfin da baturin ya haifar bayan ya cika cikakke. Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da cajin pulse na yanzu don cimma manufar da ke sama.

24. Menene ingancin caji?

Canjin caji yana nufin ma'aunin matakin da ƙarfin lantarki da baturi ke cinyewa yayin aikin caji ya canza zuwa makamashin sinadari wanda baturi zai iya adanawa. Fasahar batir ta fi shafa shi da yanayin yanayin aiki na guguwa—gaba ɗaya, mafi girman yanayin yanayin, ƙarancin ƙarfin caji.

25. Menene ingancin fitarwa?

Ingancin fitarwa yana nufin ainihin ikon da aka fitar zuwa wutar lantarki ta ƙarshe ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗan fitarwa zuwa ƙimar ƙima. Yawan fitarwa ya fi shafa, zafin yanayi, juriya na ciki, da sauran dalilai. Gabaɗaya, mafi girman adadin fitarwa, mafi girman adadin fitarwa. Ƙarƙashin aikin fitarwa. Ƙananan zafin jiki, ƙananan aikin fitarwa.

26. Menene ƙarfin fitarwa na baturi?

Ƙarfin fitarwa na baturi yana nufin ikon fitar da makamashi kowane lokaci ɗaya. Ana ƙididdige shi bisa la'akari da fitarwa na halin yanzu I da ƙarfin fitarwa, P=U * I, naúrar shine watts.

Ƙananan juriya na ciki na baturi, mafi girman ƙarfin fitarwa. Juriya na ciki na baturin yakamata ya zama ƙasa da juriya na ciki na kayan lantarki. In ba haka ba, baturin kanta yana cin wuta fiye da na'urorin lantarki, wanda ba shi da tattalin arziki kuma yana iya lalata baturin.

27. Menene fitar da kai na baturi na biyu? Menene adadin fitar da kai na nau'ikan batura daban-daban?

Har ila yau, zubar da kai ana kiran ƙarfin riƙe caji, wanda ke nufin iya riƙe ƙarfin baturin da aka adana a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi na muhalli a cikin buɗaɗɗen yanayi. Gabaɗaya magana, fitar da kai ya fi shafa ta hanyoyin masana'antu, kayan aiki, da yanayin ajiya. Fitar da kai ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan sigogi don auna aikin baturi. Gabaɗaya magana, rage yawan zafin jiki na baturi, rage yawan fitar da kai, amma kuma ya kamata a lura cewa yanayin zafi ya yi ƙasa sosai ko kuma ya yi yawa, wanda zai iya lalata baturin kuma ya zama mara amfani.

Bayan cajin baturin ya cika kuma an bar shi a buɗe na ɗan lokaci, takamaiman matakin fitar da kai shine matsakaici. Ma'auni na IEC ya nuna cewa bayan an cika cikakken caji, yakamata a bar batir Ni-MH a buɗe na tsawon kwanaki 28 a zazzabi na 20℃±5℃ da zafi na (65± 20)%, kuma ƙarfin fitarwa na 0.2C zai kai 60% jimillar farko.

28. Menene gwajin fitar da kai na awa 24?

Gwajin fitar da kai na batirin lithium shine:

Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da fitar da kai na awa 24 don gwada ƙarfin riƙe cajin sa cikin sauri. Ana fitar da baturin a 0.2C zuwa 3.0V, akai-akai. Ana cajin wutar lantarki akai-akai zuwa 4.2V, yanke-kashe halin yanzu: 10mA, bayan mintuna 15 na ajiya, fitarwa a 1C zuwa 3.0 V gwada ƙarfin fitarwar sa C1, sannan saita baturi tare da ci gaba da ƙarfin lantarki na yau da kullun 1C zuwa 4.2V, yanke- kashe halin yanzu: 10mA, kuma auna ƙarfin 1C C2 bayan an bar shi na awanni 24. C2/C1*100% ya kamata ya zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da 99%.

29. Menene bambanci tsakanin juriya na ciki na jihar da aka caje da juriya na ciki na jihar da aka sallama?

Juriya na ciki a cikin halin da ake caji yana nufin juriya na ciki lokacin da baturi ya cika 100%; juriya na ciki a cikin yanayin da aka fitar yana nufin juriya na ciki bayan an cika baturi.

Gabaɗaya magana, juriya na ciki a cikin jihar da aka fitar ba ta da ƙarfi kuma tana da girma da yawa. Juriya na ciki a cikin yanayin da aka caje ya fi ƙanƙanta, kuma ƙimar juriya tana da inganci. Lokacin amfani da baturi, juriya na ciki na jihar da aka caje kawai yana da ma'ana mai amfani. A cikin lokaci mai zuwa na taimakon baturi, saboda gajiyar electrolyte da raguwar ayyukan sinadarai na ciki, juriya na ciki na baturi zai karu zuwa nau'i daban-daban.

30. Menene juriya a tsaye? Menene juriya mai ƙarfi?

Tsayayyen juriya na ciki shine juriya na ciki na baturi yayin fitarwa, kuma ƙarfin juriya na ciki shine juriya na ciki na baturi yayin caji.

31. Shin ma'aunin juriyar juriya ne?

IEC ta kayyade cewa daidaitaccen gwajin cajin baturi na nickel-metal hydride baturi shine:

Yi watsi da baturin a 0.2C zuwa 1.0V/ yanki, kuma yi cajin shi akai-akai a 0.1C har tsawon awanni 48. Bai kamata baturin ya sami nakasu ko yayyo ba. Bayan yin caji, lokacin fitarwa daga 0.2C zuwa 1.0V ya kamata ya zama fiye da sa'o'i 5.

32. Menene ma'aunin gwajin rayuwa na IEC?

IEC ta kayyade cewa daidaitaccen gwajin rayuwa na batir hydride nickel-metal shine:

Bayan an sanya baturin a 0.2C zuwa 1.0V/pc

01) Yi caji a 0.1C na tsawon awanni 16, sannan a sauke a 0.2C na tsawon awanni 2 da mintuna 30 (zagaye ɗaya)

02) Yi caji a 0.25C na tsawon sa'o'i 3 da mintuna 10, da fitarwa a 0.25C na awanni 2 da mintuna 20 (zazzagewa 2-48)

03) Yi caji a 0.25C na tsawon awanni 3 da mintuna 10, kuma a sake shi zuwa 1.0V a 0.25C (zagayowar 49th)

04) Yi caji a 0.1C na awanni 16, ajiye shi don awa 1, fitarwa a 0.2C zuwa 1.0V (zagayowar 50th). Don batir hydride nickel-metal, bayan maimaita sake zagayowar 400 na 1-4, lokacin fitarwa na 0.2C yakamata ya zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da sa'o'i 3; don baturan nickel-cadmium, maimaita jimlar 500 hawan keke na 1-4, lokacin fitarwa na 0.2C ya kamata ya zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da sa'o'i 3.

33. Menene matsi na ciki na baturi?

Yana nufin matsa lamba na ciki na baturi, wanda iskar gas ɗin da ake samarwa yayin caji da fitar da baturin da ke rufe kuma ya fi shafar kayan baturi, hanyoyin sarrafawa, da tsarin baturi. Babban dalilin hakan shine iskar gas da ke haifarwa ta hanyar rugujewar danshi da maganin kwayoyin halitta a cikin baturi ya taru. Gabaɗaya, matsa lamba na ciki na baturi ana kiyaye shi a matsakaicin matsayi. A cikin yanayin cajin da ya wuce kima ko yawan fitarwa, matsi na ciki na baturi na iya ƙaruwa:

Misali, overcharge, tabbataccen lantarki: 4OH--4e → 2H2O + O2↑; ①

Oxygen da aka samar yana amsawa tare da hydrogen da aka zubo akan lantarki mara kyau don samar da ruwa 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O ②

Idan saurin amsawa ② ya yi ƙasa da na dauki ①, iskar oxygen da aka samar ba za a cinye shi cikin lokaci ba, wanda zai haifar da matsa lamba na ciki na baturi.

34. Menene daidaitaccen gwajin riƙe caji?

IEC ta kayyade cewa daidaitaccen gwajin riƙe caji don batir hydride nickel-metal shine:

Bayan sanya baturin a 0.2C zuwa 1.0V, yi cajin shi a 0.1C na tsawon awanni 16, adana shi a 20℃±5℃ da zafi na 65%±20%, ajiye shi tsawon kwanaki 28, sannan a sauke shi zuwa 1.0V a 0.2C, da batirin Ni-MH yakamata su kasance fiye da awanni 3.

Ma'auni na ƙasa ya nuna cewa gwajin riƙe cajin baturi na lithium shine: (IEC ba shi da ma'auni mai dacewa) ana sanya baturin a 0.2C zuwa 3.0/piece, sannan a caje shi zuwa 4.2V a akai-akai na yanzu da ƙarfin lantarki na 1C, tare da a yanke-kashe iska na 10mA da zazzabi na 20 Bayan adanar na 28 kwanaki a ℃±5 ℃, sallama shi zuwa 2.75V a 0.2C da kuma lissafta iya aiki. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfin ƙididdiga na baturi, bai kamata ya zama ƙasa da 85% na jimlar farko ba.

35. Menene gwajin da'ira?

Yi amfani da waya mai juriya na ciki ≤100mΩ don haɗa ingantattun igiyoyin baturi da mara kyau a cikin akwati mai tabbatar da fashewa don taƙaita sanduna masu inganci da mara kyau. Bai kamata baturin ya fashe ko kama wuta ba.

36. Menene gwajin zafin jiki da zafi mai zafi?

Gwajin zafin zafi da zafi na batirin Ni-MH sune:

Bayan cajin baturi cikakke, adana shi a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi na dindindin na kwanaki da yawa, kuma kada ku kula da yabo yayin ajiya.

Matsakaicin zafin jiki da gwajin zafi na baturin lithium shine: (misali na ƙasa)

Cajin baturi tare da 1C akai halin yanzu da m ƙarfin lantarki zuwa 4.2V, yanke-kashe halin yanzu na 10mA, sa'an nan kuma saka shi a cikin wani m zazzabi da zafi akwatin a (40± 2) ℃ da dangi zafi na 90% -95% for 48h , sannan cire baturin a ciki (20 Bar shi a ± 5) ℃ na tsawon sa'o'i biyu. Lura cewa ya kamata bayyanar baturin ya zama daidaitattun. Sa'an nan fitarwa zuwa 2.75V a akai-akai halin yanzu na 1C, sa'an nan kuma yi 1C cajin da 1C fitarwa hawan keke a (20±5) ℃ har fitarwa iya aiki Ba kasa da 85% na farko jimlar, amma yawan hawan keke bai fi. fiye da sau uku.

37. Menene gwajin hawan zafin jiki?

Bayan cajin baturin ya cika, saka shi a cikin tanda kuma yayi zafi daga zafin dakin a ƙimar 5°C/min. Lokacin da tanda ya kai 130 ° C, ajiye shi na minti 30. Bai kamata baturin ya fashe ko kama wuta ba.

38. Menene gwajin hawan keke na zafin jiki?

Gwajin zagayowar zafin jiki ya ƙunshi zagayowar 27, kuma kowane tsari ya ƙunshi matakai masu zuwa:

01) An canza baturin daga matsakaicin zafin jiki zuwa 66 ± 3 ℃, an sanya shi don 1 hour a ƙarƙashin yanayin 15 ± 5%,

02) Canja zuwa zafin jiki na 33± 3°C da zafi na 90±5°C na awa 1,

03) An canza yanayin zuwa -40 ± 3 ℃ kuma an sanya shi don 1 hour

04) Saka baturin a 25 ℃ na 0.5 hours

Waɗannan matakai guda huɗu suna kammala zagayowar. Bayan zagayowar 27 na gwaje-gwaje, batirin bai kamata ya sami ɗigogi ba, hawan alkali, tsatsa, ko wasu yanayi mara kyau.

39. Menene gwajin digo?

Bayan an cika cajin baturi ko fakitin baturi, ana sauke shi daga tsayin mita 1 zuwa ƙasan siminti (ko siminti) sau uku don samun firgita a cikin bazuwar kwatance.

40. Menene gwajin jijjiga?

Hanyar gwajin jijjiga na batirin Ni-MH shine:

Bayan fitar da baturin zuwa 1.0V a 0.2C, yi cajin shi a 0.1C na tsawon sa'o'i 16, sa'an nan kuma girgiza a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi bayan an bar shi har tsawon sa'o'i 24:

Girman: 0.8mm

Sanya baturin ya girgiza tsakanin 10HZ-55HZ, yana ƙaruwa ko raguwa a ƙimar girgizar 1HZ kowane minti daya.

Canjin ƙarfin baturi yakamata ya kasance tsakanin ± 0.02V, kuma canjin juriya na ciki yakamata ya kasance tsakanin ± 5mΩ. (Lokacin girgiza shine 90min)

Hanyar gwajin girgiza baturin lithium ita ce:

Bayan an cire baturin zuwa 3.0V a 0.2C, ana cajin shi zuwa 4.2V tare da madaidaicin wutar lantarki da na yau da kullun a 1C, kuma yanke-kashe na yanzu shine 10mA. Bayan an bar shi na tsawon sa'o'i 24, zai yi rawar jiki a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu zuwa:

Ana yin gwajin girgizar tare da mitar girgiza daga 10 Hz zuwa 60 Hz zuwa 10 Hz a cikin mintuna 5, kuma girman girman inci 0.06 ne. Baturin yana girgiza a cikin kwatance uku, kuma kowane axis yana girgiza na rabin sa'a.

Canjin ƙarfin baturi yakamata ya kasance tsakanin ± 0.02V, kuma canjin juriya na ciki yakamata ya kasance tsakanin ± 5mΩ.

41. Menene gwajin tasiri?

Bayan cajin baturi ya cika, sanya sanda mai ƙarfi a kwance kuma sauke wani abu mai nauyin kilo 20 daga wani tsayi a kan sandar mai wuya. Bai kamata baturin ya fashe ko kama wuta ba.

42. Menene gwajin kutsawa?

Bayan da baturi ya cika, wuce ƙusa na takamaiman diamita ta tsakiyar guguwar kuma bar fil a cikin baturi. Bai kamata baturin ya fashe ko kama wuta ba.

43. Menene gwajin wuta?

Sanya batir mai cikakken caji akan na'urar dumama tare da murfin kariya na musamman don wuta, kuma babu tarkace da zata wuce ta murfin kariyar.

Na hudu, matsalolin baturi gama gari da bincike

44. Wadanne takaddun shaida samfuran kamfanin suka wuce?

Ya wuce ISO9001: 2000 ingancin tsarin takaddun shaida da kuma ISO14001: 2004 tsarin tsarin kare muhalli; samfurin ya sami takaddun shaida ta EU CE da takaddun shaida ta Arewacin Amurka UL, ya wuce gwajin kariyar muhalli na SGS, kuma ya sami lasisin haƙƙin mallaka na Ovonic; a lokaci guda, PICC ta amince da samfuran kamfanin a cikin Rubutun Ƙimar Duniya.

45. Menene Batirin Shirye-shiryen Amfani?

Batirin da aka shirya don amfani wani sabon nau'in batirin Ni-MH ne tare da ƙimar caji mai girma da kamfanin ya ƙaddamar. Baturi ne mai juriya da ajiya tare da aikin baturi na firamare da sakandare kuma yana iya maye gurbin baturin farko. Wato ana iya sake yin amfani da baturin kuma yana da mafi girman ƙarfin da ya rage bayan ajiya lokaci guda da na yau da kullun na batirin Ni-MH na sakandare.

46. Me yasa Shirye-Don-Amfani (HFR) shine kyakkyawan samfurin don maye gurbin batura masu yuwuwa?

Idan aka kwatanta da samfurori iri ɗaya, wannan samfurin yana da abubuwan ban mamaki masu zuwa:

01) Karamin zubar da kai;

02) Tsawon lokacin ajiya;

03) Juriya fiye da zubar da ruwa;

04) Rayuwa mai tsayi;

05) Musamman lokacin da ƙarfin baturi ya kasance ƙasa da 1.0V, yana da kyakkyawan aikin dawo da iya aiki;

Mafi mahimmanci, irin wannan nau'in baturi yana da ƙimar ajiyar kuɗi har zuwa 75% lokacin da aka adana shi a cikin yanayin 25 ° C har tsawon shekara guda, don haka wannan baturi shine samfurin da ya dace don maye gurbin batura masu yuwuwa.

47. Menene hattara yayin amfani da baturi?

01) Da fatan za a karanta littafin baturi a hankali kafin amfani;

02) Lambobin wutar lantarki da baturi yakamata su kasance masu tsabta, goge su da rigar datti idan ya cancanta, kuma a sanya su bisa ga alamar polarity bayan bushewa;

03) Kada ku haɗa tsofaffin batura da sababbin batura, kuma nau'ikan batura iri ɗaya ba za a iya haɗa su ba don kada a rage ingancin amfani;

04) Ba za a iya sabunta baturin da za a iya zubarwa ta hanyar dumama ko caji ba;

05) Kada ku ɗanɗana baturin;

06) Kada a tarwatsa da zafi baturin ko jefa baturin cikin ruwa;

07) Idan na'urorin lantarki ba su daɗe suna amfani da su ba, ya kamata ya cire baturin, kuma ya kashe kashe bayan amfani da shi;

08) Kada a jefar da batir ɗin sharar gida ba da gangan ba, kuma a raba su da sauran datti gwargwadon yiwuwa don guje wa gurɓata muhalli;

09) Lokacin da babu babban kulawa, kar a bar yara su maye gurbin baturi. Ya kamata a sanya ƙananan batura daga wurin da yara za su iya isa;

10) ya kamata ya adana baturin a wuri mai sanyi, bushe ba tare da hasken rana kai tsaye ba.

48. Menene bambanci tsakanin daidaitattun batura masu caji?

A halin yanzu, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, da batura masu cajin lithium-ion ana amfani da su sosai a cikin kayan aikin lantarki daban-daban (kamar kwamfutoci na rubutu, kamara, da wayoyin hannu). Kowane baturi mai caji yana da sinadarai na musamman. Babban bambanci tsakanin nickel-cadmium da nickel-metal hydride baturi shi ne cewa yawan makamashi na nickel-metal hydride baturi yana da girma. Idan aka kwatanta da batura iri ɗaya, ƙarfin batir Ni-MH ya ninka na batirin Ni-Cd sau biyu. Wannan yana nufin cewa yin amfani da batir hydride na nickel-metal na iya ƙara tsawon lokacin aiki na kayan aiki lokacin da ba a ƙara ƙarin nauyi a cikin kayan lantarki ba. Wani fa'idar batirin nickel-metal hydride baturi shine cewa suna rage matsalar "tasirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya" a cikin batir cadmium don amfani da batir hydride na nickel-metal mafi dacewa. Batura Ni-MH sun fi batir Ni-Cd abokantaka da muhalli saboda babu wasu abubuwa masu nauyi masu guba a ciki. Li-ion kuma cikin sauri ya zama tushen wutar lantarki na gama gari don na'urori masu ɗaukuwa. Li-ion na iya samar da makamashi iri ɗaya kamar batir Ni-MH amma yana iya rage nauyi da kusan 35%, wanda ya dace da kayan lantarki kamar kyamarorin da kwamfyutoci. Yana da mahimmanci. Li-ion ba shi da "tasirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya," Fa'idodin babu abubuwa masu guba su ma mahimman abubuwan da suka sa ya zama tushen wutar lantarki na kowa.

Zai rage mahimmancin fitar da batir Ni-MH a ƙananan zafin jiki. Gabaɗaya, ƙarfin caji zai ƙaru tare da karuwar zafin jiki. Duk da haka, lokacin da zafin jiki ya haura sama da 45°C, aikin kayan baturi mai caji a yanayin zafi mai yawa zai ragu, kuma zai rage tsawon rayuwar baturin.

49. Menene adadin fitar baturi? Menene adadin sakin guguwar na sa'a guda?

Fitar da ƙima tana nufin alaƙar ƙimar da ke tsakanin fitarwa na yanzu (A) da ƙarfin ƙima (A•h) yayin konewa. Fitar da ƙimar sa'a tana nufin sa'o'in da ake buƙata don fitar da ƙimar ƙima a takamaiman fitarwa na halin yanzu.

50. Me yasa ya zama dole don kiyaye baturin dumi lokacin harbi a cikin hunturu?

Tun da baturin da ke cikin kyamarar dijital yana da ƙananan zafin jiki, aikin kayan aiki yana raguwa sosai, wanda bazai samar da daidaitaccen aikin kamara ba, don haka harbi a waje a yankunan da ƙananan zafin jiki, musamman.

Kula da dumin kyamara ko baturi.

51. Menene kewayon zafin aiki na batirin lithium-ion?

Cajin -10-45 ℃ Fitar -30-55 ℃

52. Za a iya haɗa batura masu iya aiki daban-daban?

Idan aka hada sabbin batura da tsoffi masu iya aiki daban-daban ko amfani da su tare, za a iya samun yoyo, wutar lantarki da sifili da sauransu, hakan na faruwa ne sakamakon bambancin wutar lantarki a lokacin da ake yin cajar, wanda ke sa wasu batura su yi cajin da yawa yayin caji. Wasu batura ba su cika caji ba kuma suna da ƙarfi yayin fitarwa. Babban baturi bai cika cika ba, kuma ƙarancin ƙarfin baturi ya wuce gona da iri. A cikin irin wannan muguwar da'irar, baturin ya lalace, kuma yana yoyo ko yana da ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki (sifili).

53. Menene gajeriyar kewayawa ta waje, kuma wane tasiri yake da shi akan aikin baturi?

Haɗa ƙarshen ƙarshen baturin zuwa kowane madubi zai haifar da gajeriyar da'ira ta waje. Wannan ɗan gajeren hanya na iya haifar da sakamako mai tsanani ga nau'ikan baturi daban-daban, kamar haɓakar zafin jiki na electrolyte, haɓakar iska na ciki, da sauransu. Idan iskan iska ya zarce ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin baturi, baturin zai zube. Wannan yanayin yana lalata baturin sosai. Idan bawul ɗin aminci ya gaza, yana iya haifar da fashewa. Don haka, kar a gaje batir a waje.

54. Menene manyan abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwar baturi?

01) Caji:

Lokacin zabar caja, yana da kyau a yi amfani da caja tare da na'urori masu ƙarewa daidai (kamar na'urorin hana cajin lokacin caji, ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki (-V) yanke cajin caji, da na'urorin shigar da zafin zafi) don guje wa gajarta baturi. rayuwa saboda karin caji. Gabaɗaya magana, jinkirin caji na iya tsawaita rayuwar batir fiye da yin caji mai sauri.

02) Fitar:

a. Zurfin fitarwa shine babban abin da ke shafar rayuwar baturi. Mafi girman zurfin sakin, mafi guntu rayuwar baturi. A wasu kalmomi, muddin zurfin fitarwa ya ragu, zai iya ƙara tsawon rayuwar batir. Don haka, ya kamata mu guji yin cajin baturi zuwa ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki.

b. Lokacin da baturi ya cika a matsanancin zafin jiki, zai rage tsawon rayuwarsa.

c. Idan na'urorin lantarki da aka ƙera ba za su iya dakatar da duk na yanzu gaba ɗaya ba, idan aka bar na'urar ba tare da amfani da ita na dogon lokaci ba tare da fitar da baturin ba, ragowar wutar lantarki a wasu lokuta zai sa batirin ya wuce kima, yana haifar da guguwa fiye da fitarwa.

d. Lokacin amfani da batura masu iya aiki daban-daban, sigar sinadarai, ko matakan caji daban-daban, da kuma batura na tsofaffi da sababbi iri-iri, batir ɗin za su fidda yawa har ma suna haifar da cajin polarity na baya.

03) Adana:

Idan batirin yana adanawa a matsanancin zafin jiki na dogon lokaci, zai rage yawan aikin lantarki kuma ya rage rayuwar sabis.

55. Shin za a iya adana baturin a cikin na'urar bayan an gama amfani da shi ko kuma idan ba a daɗe ba?

Idan ba za ta yi amfani da na'urar lantarki na tsawon lokaci ba, zai fi kyau a cire baturin kuma a saka shi a cikin ƙananan zafin jiki, wuri mai bushe. In ba haka ba, ko da an kashe na'urar lantarki, tsarin zai sa baturi ya sami ƙananan fitarwa na yanzu, wanda zai rage rayuwar sabis na hadari.

56. Menene mafi kyawun yanayi don ajiyar baturi? Shin ina bukatan cajin baturin don ajiya na dogon lokaci?

Dangane da ma'aunin IEC, yakamata ya adana baturin a zazzabi na 20 ℃ ± 5 ℃ da zafi na (65± 20)%. Gabaɗaya magana, mafi girma da yawan zafin jiki na guguwa, raguwar ragowar ƙarfin aiki, kuma akasin haka, wuri mafi kyau don adana baturin lokacin da zafin jiki na firiji ya kasance 0 ℃-10 ℃, musamman ga batura na farko. Ko da batirin sakandare ya rasa ƙarfinsa bayan ajiya, za'a iya dawo da shi muddin ya sake caji kuma ya sauke sau da yawa.

A ka'idar, koyaushe akwai asarar kuzari lokacin da aka adana baturi. Halin tsarin sinadaran lantarki na baturi yana ƙayyade cewa ƙarfin baturin ba makawa ya ɓace, musamman saboda fitar da kai. Yawancin lokaci, girman fitar da kai yana da alaƙa da solubility na ingantaccen kayan lantarki a cikin electrolyte da rashin zaman lafiyarsa (mai yiwuwa ga bazuwar kai) bayan an yi zafi. Fitar da kai na batura masu caji ya fi na batura na farko.

Idan kana son adana baturin na dogon lokaci, yana da kyau a saka shi a cikin bushewa da yanayin zafi maras zafi kuma kiyaye ragowar ƙarfin baturi a kusan 40%. Tabbas, yana da kyau a fitar da baturin sau ɗaya a wata don tabbatar da kyakkyawan yanayin ajiya na guguwa, amma ba don zubar da baturin gaba ɗaya ba kuma ya lalata baturin.

57. Menene daidaitaccen baturi?

Baturi wanda aka tsara na duniya azaman ma'auni don auna yuwuwar (mai yiwuwa). Injiniyan lantarki na Ba’amurke E. Weston ne ya ƙirƙira shi a shekara ta 1892, don haka ake kiransa da batirin Weston.

Ingantacciyar wutar lantarki ta daidaitaccen baturi ita ce lantarki ta mercury sulfate, lantarki mara kyau shine ƙarfe cadmium amalgam (mai ɗauke da 10% ko 12.5% cadmium), kuma electrolyte acidic ne, cikakken cadmium sulfate ruwa mai ruwa, wanda shine cikakken cadmium sulfate da mercurous sulfate aqueous bayani.

58. Wadanne dalilai ne zasu iya haifar da sifili ko ƙarancin wutar lantarki na baturi ɗaya?

01) gajeriyar kewayawa ta waje ko cajin baturi ko juyar da cajin baturi (fiye da tilas);

02) Ana ci gaba da cajin baturi ta hanyar ƙididdigewa da haɓakawa, wanda ke sa babban baturin ya faɗaɗa, kuma ana tuntuɓar na'urori masu kyau da marasa kyau kai tsaye kuma suna gajere;

03) Baturi gajere ne ko ɗan gajeren kewayawa. Misali, rashin dacewa na sanduna masu kyau da mara kyau yana haifar da guntun sandar don tuntuɓar gajeriyar kewayawa, lambar sadarwa mai kyau, da sauransu.

59. Wadanne dalilai ne zasu iya haifar da sifili ko ƙarancin wutar lantarki na fakitin baturi?

01) Ko baturi ɗaya yana da sifilin wuta;

02) Filogi yana da gajeriyar kewayawa ko kuma an cire shi, kuma haɗin kai zuwa filogi ba shi da kyau;

03) Desoldering da kama-da-wane waldi na gubar waya da baturi;

04) Haɗin ciki na baturin ba daidai ba ne, kuma takardar haɗin da baturin suna yabo, ana sayar da su, kuma ba a sayar da su ba, da dai sauransu;

05) Abubuwan da ke cikin lantarki da ke cikin baturin ba su da alaƙa da lalacewa.

60. Menene hanyoyin sarrafawa don hana yawan cajin baturi?

Don hana yin cajin baturi, ya zama dole a sarrafa wurin ƙarshen caji. Lokacin da baturi ya cika, za a sami wasu keɓaɓɓun bayanai waɗanda zai iya amfani da su don tantance ko cajin ya kai ƙarshen. Gabaɗaya, akwai hanyoyi guda shida masu zuwa don hana cajin baturi fiye da kima:

01) Ƙwararrun ƙarfin wutar lantarki: Ƙayyade ƙarshen caji ta gano mafi girman ƙarfin baturi;

02) Ikon dT/DT: Ƙayyade ƙarshen caji ta gano ƙimar canjin yanayin zafi mafi girma na baturi;

03) △ T sarrafawa: Lokacin da baturi ya cika, bambanci tsakanin zafin jiki da yanayin zafi zai kai iyakar;

04) -△ V sarrafawa: Lokacin da baturi ya cika caja kuma ya kai ga mafi girman ƙarfin lantarki, ƙarfin lantarki zai ragu da wata ƙima;

05) Gudanar da lokaci: sarrafa ƙarshen caji ta hanyar saita takamaiman lokacin caji, gabaɗaya saita lokacin da ake buƙata don cajin 130% na ƙimar ƙima don ɗauka;

61. Wadanne dalilai ne zai sa ba za a iya cajin baturi ko fakitin baturi ba?

01) Sifili-voltage baturi ko sifili-voltage baturi a cikin baturi fakitin;

02) An katse fakitin baturi, kayan aikin lantarki na ciki da kewayen kariya ba su da kyau;

03) Kayan aikin caji ba daidai ba ne, kuma babu fitarwa na yanzu;

04) Abubuwan waje suna haifar da ƙimar cajin ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa (kamar ƙarancin ƙarancin zafi ko matsanancin zafi).

62. Wadanne dalilai ne zai sa ba zai iya fitar da batura da fakitin baturi ba?

01) Rayuwar baturi za ta ragu bayan ajiya da amfani;

02) Rashin isasshen caji ko rashin caji;

03) Yanayin zafin jiki ya yi ƙasa sosai;

04) Ƙarfafawar fitarwa ba ta da yawa. Misali, lokacin da aka fitar da babban wutar lantarki, baturi na yau da kullun ba zai iya fitar da wutar lantarki ba saboda saurin yaduwar abin na ciki ba zai iya ci gaba da saurin amsawa ba, yana haifar da faɗuwar wutar lantarki mai kaifi.

63. Wadanne dalilai ne zasu iya haifar da gajeren lokacin fitarwa na batura da fakitin baturi?

01) Baturin bai cika caja ba, kamar rashin isasshen lokacin caji, ƙarancin caji, da sauransu;

02) Yawan fitar da ruwa yana rage aikin fitarwa kuma yana rage lokacin fitarwa;

03) Lokacin da baturi ya fita, yanayin zafi ya yi ƙasa sosai, kuma aikin fitarwa yana raguwa;

64. Menene yawan caji, kuma ta yaya yake shafar aikin baturi?

Yin caji yana nufin halin cajin baturin gabaɗaya bayan takamaiman aikin caji sannan kuma ya ci gaba da caji. Yawan cajin batirin Ni-MH yana haifar da halayen masu zuwa:

Na'urar lantarki mai kyau: 4OH--4e → 2H2O + O2↑; ①

Wutar lantarki mara kyau: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O ②

Tun da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mara kyau ya fi ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki mai kyau a cikin ƙira, ana haɗa iskar oxygen da aka samar da wutar lantarki mai kyau tare da hydrogen da aka samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar takarda mai rarraba. Saboda haka, matsa lamba na ciki na baturi ba zai karu sosai a cikin yanayi na al'ada ba, amma idan cajin halin yanzu ya yi girma, Ko kuma idan lokacin caji ya yi tsawo, oxygen da aka samar ya yi latti don cinyewa, wanda zai iya haifar da matsa lamba na ciki tashi, nakasar baturi, zubar ruwa, da sauran abubuwan da ba a so. A lokaci guda, zai rage yawan aikin wutar lantarki.

65. Menene yawan zubar da ruwa, kuma ta yaya yake shafar aikin baturi?

Bayan baturi ya sauke wutar da aka adana a ciki, bayan ƙarfin lantarki ya kai takamaiman ƙima, ci gaba da fitarwa zai haifar da zubar da yawa. Ana ƙididdige wutar lantarki mai yanke-kashe fiddawa bisa ga fitarwar halin yanzu. 0.2C-2C fashewa ana saita gabaɗaya zuwa 1.0V/reshe, 3C ko fiye, kamar 5C, ko An saita fitar da 10C zuwa 0.8V/ yanki. Fiye da fitar da baturi na iya haifar da bala'i ga baturin, musamman yawan zubar da ruwa mai yawa a halin yanzu ko maimaituwa, wanda zai yi tasiri sosai kan baturin. Gabaɗaya magana, yawan zubar da ruwa zai ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfin baturi na ciki da ingantattun kayan aiki mara kyau da mara kyau. An lalata jujjuyawar, ko da an caje shi, zai iya dawo da shi wani bangare, kuma za a rage girman ƙarfin.

66. Menene manyan dalilan fadada batura masu caji?

01) Wurin kariyar baturi mara kyau;

02) Kwayoyin baturi yana faɗaɗa ba tare da aikin kariya ba;

03) Ayyukan caja ba su da kyau, kuma cajin halin yanzu yana da girma, yana sa baturi ya kumbura;

04) Batir yana ci gaba da yin caji da yawa da babban halin yanzu;

05) Ana tilasta baturin yin fiye da kima;

06) Matsalar ƙirar baturi.

67. Menene fashewar baturi? Yadda za a hana fashewar baturi?

Daskararrun kwayoyin halitta a kowane bangare na baturin ana fitar da su nan take kuma ana tura su zuwa nesa fiye da 25cm daga guguwar, wanda ake kira fashewa. Gabaɗayan hanyoyin rigakafi sune:

01) Kada ku yi caji ko gajeriyar kewayawa;

02) Yi amfani da kayan aiki mafi kyau don caji;

03) Dole ne a ci gaba da buɗe ramukan huɗa na baturi koyaushe;

04) Kula da zafi mai zafi lokacin amfani da baturi;

05) An haramta hada nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan, sabbin batura da tsoffin batura.

68. Menene nau'ikan abubuwan kariya na baturi da fa'idodi da rashin amfanin su?

Tebu mai zuwa shine kwatancen aiki na daidaitattun abubuwan kariya na baturi da yawa:

NAME	BABBAN JARI	KASHI	amfani	GASKIYA
Canjin thermal	PTC	Babban kariyar fakitin baturi	Da sauri fahimtar yanayin halin yanzu da yanayin zafi a cikin kewaye, idan yanayin zafi ya yi yawa ko kuma na yanzu ya yi yawa, zafin bimetal a cikin maɓalli zai iya kaiwa ƙimar ƙimar maɓallin, kuma ƙarfe zai yi rauni, wanda zai iya karewa. baturi da na'urorin lantarki.	Ba za a iya sake saita takardar ƙarfe ba bayan tatsewa, yana sa fakitin wutar lantarki ya kasa aiki.
Mai karewa mai wuce gona da iri	PTC	Fakitin baturi mai wuce gona da iri	Yayin da zafin jiki ya tashi, juriya na wannan na'urar yana ƙaruwa a layi. Lokacin da halin yanzu ko zafin jiki ya tashi zuwa ƙayyadaddun ƙima, ƙimar juriya ta canza ba zato ba tsammani (ƙara) ta yadda kwanan nan ya canza zuwa matakin mA. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya faɗi, zai dawo daidai. Ana iya amfani da shi azaman yanki na haɗin baturi zuwa kirtani a cikin fakitin baturi.	Farashin mafi girma
fuse		Gano yanayin kewaye da yanayin zafi	Lokacin da halin yanzu a cikin da'irar ya wuce ƙimar ƙima ko zafin baturin ya tashi zuwa takamaiman ƙima, fis ɗin yana busa don cire haɗin da'irar don kare fakitin baturi da na'urorin lantarki daga lalacewa.	Bayan an busa fis ɗin, ba za a iya dawo da shi ba kuma yana buƙatar maye gurbinsa cikin lokaci, wanda ke da matsala.

69. Menene baturi mai ɗaukuwa?

Mai ɗaukar nauyi, wanda ke nufin sauƙin ɗauka da sauƙin amfani. Ana amfani da batura masu ɗaukar nauyi don samar da wuta ga na'urorin hannu, marasa igiya. Manyan batura (misali, 4kg ko fiye) ba batura masu ɗaukar nauyi ba ne. Babban baturi mai ɗaukar nauyi a yau ya kai gram ɗari kaɗan.

Iyalin baturi masu ɗaukuwa sun haɗa da batura na farko da batura masu caji (batura na biyu). Batura na maɓalli na wani rukuni ne daga cikinsu.

70. Menene halayen batura masu caji?

Kowane baturi mai canza makamashi ne. Yana iya canza kuzarin sinadarai da aka adana kai tsaye zuwa makamashin lantarki. Don batura masu caji, ana iya siffanta wannan tsari kamar haka:

• Juya wutar lantarki zuwa makamashin sinadarai yayin aikin caji → 
• Canjin makamashin sinadarai zuwa makamashin lantarki yayin aikin fitarwa → 
• Canjin wutar lantarki zuwa makamashin sinadarai yayin aikin caji

Yana iya kewaya baturi na biyu fiye da sau 1,000 ta wannan hanyar.

Akwai batura masu ɗaukar nauyi a cikin nau'ikan lantarki daban-daban, nau'in gubar-acid (2V / yanki), nau'in nickel-cadmium (1.2V / yanki), nau'in nickel-hydrogen (1.2V / muqala), batirin lithium-ion (3.6V/ yanki)); Siffar irin waɗannan nau'ikan batura ita ce, suna da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfin fitarwa na yau da kullun (wani nau'in wutar lantarki yayin fitarwa), kuma ƙarfin lantarki yana lalacewa da sauri a farkon da ƙarshen fitarwa.

71. Shin za a iya amfani da wani caja don batura masu ɗaukar nauyi?

A'a, saboda kowane caja kawai yayi daidai da takamaiman tsarin caji kuma zai iya kwatanta shi da wata hanyar lantarki ta musamman, kamar lithium-ion, gubar-acid ko batirin Ni-MH. Ba wai kawai nau'ikan wutar lantarki daban-daban suke da su ba har ma da yanayin caji daban-daban. Caja mai sauri na musamman ne kawai zai iya sa baturin Ni-MH ya sami tasirin caji mafi dacewa. Ana iya amfani da caja a hankali lokacin da ake buƙata, amma suna buƙatar ƙarin lokaci. Ya kamata a lura cewa duk da cewa wasu caja suna da ingantattun takalmi, ya kamata ku yi hankali yayin amfani da su azaman caja don batura a cikin tsarin lantarki daban-daban. Ingantattun alamomin suna nuni ne kawai da cewa na'urar ta bi ƙa'idodin electrochemical na Turai ko wasu ƙa'idodin ƙasa. Wannan lakabin baya bada wani bayani game da irin nau'in baturi da ya dace da shi. Ba zai yiwu a yi cajin batir Ni-MH tare da caja mara tsada ba. Za a sami sakamako mai gamsarwa, kuma akwai haɗari. Hakanan yakamata a kula da wannan don sauran nau'ikan cajar baturi.

72. Shin baturi mai ɗaukar nauyi na 1.2V mai caji zai iya maye gurbin baturin manganese na alkaline 1.5V?

Matsakaicin wutar lantarki na batir manganese na alkaline yayin fitarwa yana tsakanin 1.5V da 0.9V, yayin da akai-akai irin ƙarfin lantarki na baturi mai cajewa shine 1.2V/reshe lokacin fitarwa. Wannan ƙarfin lantarki yayi kusan daidai da matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na baturin manganese na alkaline. Don haka, ana amfani da batura masu caji maimakon alkaline manganese. Batura masu yiwuwa ne, kuma akasin haka.

73. Menene fa'idodi da rashin amfani na batura masu caji?

Amfanin batura masu caji shine cewa suna da tsawon rayuwar sabis. Ko da sun fi batura na farko tsada, suna da matukar tattalin arziki daga mahangar amfani da dogon lokaci. Ƙarfin lodin batura masu caji ya fi na yawancin batura na farko. Koda yake, wutar lantarkin na yau da kullun na batura na sakandare na yau da kullun, kuma yana da wahala a iya hasashen lokacin da fitar zai ƙare ta yadda zai haifar da wasu matsaloli yayin amfani. Koyaya, batirin lithium-ion na iya samar da kayan aikin kamara tare da tsawon lokacin amfani, ƙarfin nauyi mai yawa, yawan kuzari mai yawa, da raguwar wutar lantarki mai rauni tare da zurfin fitarwa.

Batura na sakandare na yau da kullun suna da ƙimar fitar da kai, dacewa da manyan aikace-aikacen fitarwa na yanzu kamar kyamarori na dijital, kayan wasan yara, kayan aikin lantarki, fitilun gaggawa, da sauransu. Ƙofar kiɗa, da sauransu. Wuraren da ba su dace da amfani na dogon lokaci ba, kamar fitilun walƙiya. A halin yanzu, baturin da ya dace shine baturin lithium, wanda ke da kusan dukkanin fa'idodin guguwa, kuma adadin fitar da kai ba shi da yawa. Rashin hasara kawai shine cewa buƙatun caji da caji suna da tsauri sosai, suna tabbatar da rayuwa.

74. Menene fa'idodin batirin NiMH? Menene fa'idodin batirin lithium-ion?

Fa'idodin batirin NiMH sune:

01) low cost;

02) Kyakkyawan aikin caji mai sauri;

03) Rayuwa mai tsayi;

04) Babu tasirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya;

05) babu gurɓata, koren baturi;

06) Faɗin zafin jiki;

07) Kyakkyawan aikin aminci.

Fa'idodin batirin lithium-ion sune:

01) Babban ƙarfin makamashi;

02) Babban ƙarfin aiki;

03) Babu tasirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya;

04) Rayuwa mai tsayi;

05) babu gurbacewa;

06) Mai nauyi;

07) Karamin fitar da kai.

75. Menene fa'idarsa lithium iron phosphate batura?

Babban jagorar aikace-aikacen batir phosphate na lithium baƙin ƙarfe shine batura masu ƙarfi, kuma fa'idodinsa galibi suna nunawa a cikin waɗannan bangarorin:

01) Super tsawon rai;

02) Amintaccen amfani;

03) Saurin caji da fitarwa tare da babban halin yanzu;

04) Babban juriya na zafin jiki;

05) Babban iya aiki;

06) Babu tasirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya;

07) Ƙananan girma da nauyi;

08) Green da kare muhalli.

76. Menene fa'idarsa lithium polymer baturi?

01) Babu matsalar zubar baturi. Baturin ba ya ƙunshe da electrolyte mai ruwa kuma yana amfani da daskararrun colloidal;

02) Za a iya yin batura masu bakin ciki: Tare da ƙarfin 3.6V da 400mAh, kauri zai iya zama bakin ciki kamar 0.5mm;

03) Ana iya tsara baturi zuwa nau'i-nau'i iri-iri;

04) Baturin zai iya lankwasa da lalacewa: ana iya lankwasa baturin polymer har zuwa kusan 900;

05) Za a iya zama baturi mai girma guda ɗaya: batura masu amfani da ruwa za a iya haɗa su kawai a cikin jerin don samun babban ƙarfin lantarki, batir polymer;

06) Tun da babu ruwa, zai iya sanya shi a cikin nau'i-nau'i mai yawa a cikin kwayar halitta guda ɗaya don cimma babban ƙarfin lantarki;

07) Ƙarfin ƙarfin zai ninka girman baturin lithium-ion mai girman iri ɗaya.

77. Menene ka'idar caja? Menene manyan nau'ikan?

Caja ita ce na'ura mai jujjuyawar tsaye wacce ke amfani da na'urorin lantarki na semiconductor mai ƙarfi don canza canjin halin yanzu tare da madaidaicin ƙarfin lantarki da mitar zuwa na yanzu kai tsaye. Akwai caja da yawa, irin su cajar baturin gubar-acid, gwajin batir ɗin gubar mai sarrafa bawul, saka idanu, caja baturin nickel-cadmium, caja baturin nickel-hydrogen, da caja baturi na lithium-ion, caja baturi, lithium-ion baturi. don na'urorin lantarki masu šaukuwa, Lithium-ion kariya baturin caja mai aiki da yawa, caja baturin abin hawa, da sauransu.

Biyar, nau'ikan baturi da wuraren aikace-aikace

78. Yadda za a rarraba batura?

Batirin sinadarai:

Batura na farko-carbon-zinc busassun baturan, alkaline-manganese baturi, lithium baturi, kunnawa baturi, zinc-mercury baturi, cadmium-mercury baturi, zinc-air baturi, zinc- Azurfa baturi, da kuma m electrolyte baturi (azur-iodine baturi) , da dai sauransu.

Batirin gubar na biyu, batir Ni-Cd, batir Ni-MH, Batirin Li-ion, sodium-sulfur baturi, da dai sauransu.

Sauran batura-batir cell mai, batir iska, batura masu bakin ciki, batir masu haske, batir nano, da sauransu.

Batirin jiki:-kwayoyin rana (hanyoyin rana)

79. Wane baturi ne zai mamaye kasuwar baturi?

Kamar yadda kyamarori, wayoyin hannu, wayoyi marasa igiya, kwamfutocin littafin rubutu, da sauran na'urorin multimedia masu hotuna ko sauti sun mamaye mafi mahimmancin matsayi a cikin kayan aikin gida, idan aka kwatanta da baturi na farko, ana amfani da batura na biyu a cikin waɗannan fagagen. Baturi mai caji na biyu zai haɓaka cikin ƙaramin girma, nauyi, babban ƙarfi, da hankali.

80. Menene baturi na sakandare mai hankali?

Ana shigar da guntu a cikin baturi mai hankali, wanda ke ba da wuta ga na'urar kuma yana sarrafa ayyukanta na farko. Wannan nau'in baturi kuma yana iya nuna ragowar ƙarfin aiki, adadin zagayowar da aka yi a kekuna, da zafin jiki. Koyaya, babu baturi mai hankali a kasuwa. Zai mamaye babban kasuwa a nan gaba, musamman a cikin camcorders, wayoyi marasa igiya, wayoyin hannu, da kwamfutocin littafin rubutu.

81. Menene baturin takarda?

Baturin takarda sabon nau'in baturi ne; Abubuwan da ke cikinsa kuma sun haɗa da na'urorin lantarki, electrolytes, da separators. Musamman, wannan sabon nau'in baturi na takarda yana kunshe da takarda cellulose da aka dasa da na'urorin lantarki da na'urorin lantarki, kuma takardar cellulose tana aiki a matsayin mai rarrabawa. Na'urorin lantarki sune carbon nanotubes da aka ƙara zuwa cellulose da lithium na ƙarfe wanda aka rufe akan fim ɗin da aka yi da cellulose, kuma electrolyte shine maganin lithium hexafluorophosphate. Ana iya ninka wannan baturi kuma yana da kauri kamar takarda kawai. Masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa saboda yawancin kaddarorin wannan baturi na takarda, zai zama sabon nau'in na'urar ajiyar makamashi.

82. Menene tantanin halitta photovoltaic?

Photocell wani yanki ne na semiconductor wanda ke haifar da ƙarfin lantarki a ƙarƙashin iska mai haske. Akwai nau'o'in sel na photovoltaic da yawa, irin su selenium photovoltaic cell, silicon photovoltaic cell, thallium sulfide, da azurfa sulfide photovoltaic sel. Ana amfani da su musamman a kayan aiki, na'urar wayar hannu ta atomatik, da kuma sarrafa nesa. Wasu sel na photovoltaic na iya canza hasken rana kai tsaye zuwa makamashin lantarki. Irin wannan tantanin halitta na photovoltaic kuma ana kiransa tantanin rana.

83. Menene kwayar rana? Menene fa'idodin ƙwayoyin hasken rana?

Kwayoyin hasken rana na'urori ne da ke canza makamashin haske (mafi yawan hasken rana) zuwa makamashin lantarki. Ka'idar ita ce tasirin photovoltaic; wato ginannen filin wutar lantarki na tashar PN yana raba masu ɗaukar hoto zuwa ɓangarorin biyu na mahaɗin don samar da wutar lantarki na hoto da kuma haɗawa da kewayen waje don samar da wutar lantarki. Ƙarfin sel na hasken rana yana da alaƙa da ƙarfin haske-idan ya fi ƙarfin safiya, ƙarfin ƙarfin wutar lantarki.

Tsarin hasken rana yana da sauƙin shigarwa, sauƙin faɗaɗawa, rarrabawa, kuma yana da wasu fa'idodi. Har ila yau, amfani da makamashin hasken rana yana da matukar tattalin arziki, kuma babu amfani da makamashi yayin aikin. Bugu da ƙari, wannan tsarin yana da tsayayya ga lalata injiniyoyi; tsarin hasken rana yana buƙatar amintattun ƙwayoyin rana don karɓa da adana makamashin hasken rana. Kwayoyin hasken rana na gaba ɗaya suna da fa'idodi masu zuwa:

01) Babban ƙarfin ɗaukar caji;

02) Rayuwa mai tsayi;

03) Kyakkyawan aiki mai caji;

04) Babu buƙatar kulawa.

84. Menene kwayar mai? Yadda za a rarraba?

Tantanin mai shine tsarin sinadaran lantarki wanda ke canza makamashin sinadarai kai tsaye zuwa makamashin lantarki.

Hanyar rarrabuwa ta gama gari ta dogara ne akan nau'in electrolyte. Bisa ga wannan, ana iya raba ƙwayoyin man fetur zuwa ƙwayoyin man fetur na alkaline. Gabaɗaya, potassium hydroxide a matsayin electrolyte; phosphoric acid nau'in nau'in man fetur, wanda ke amfani da phosphoric acid mai mahimmanci azaman electrolyte; Kwayoyin man fetur na proton musanya membrane, Yi amfani da perfluorinated ko wani bangare na sulfonic acid nau'in musanya proton membrane azaman electrolyte; narkakkar carbonate irin man fetur, ta yin amfani da narkakkar lithium-potassium carbonate ko lithium-sodium carbonate a matsayin electrolyte; Tantanin mai mai ƙarfi oxide, Yi amfani da barga oxides azaman masu gudanar da ion oxygen, kamar yttria-stabilized zirconia membranes azaman electrolytes. Wani lokaci ana rarraba batura bisa ga zafin baturi, kuma an raba su zuwa ƙananan zafin jiki (aiki da zafin jiki ƙasa da 100 ℃) ƙwayoyin mai, gami da ƙwayoyin man fetur na alkaline da ƙwayoyin mai na proton musayar membrane; Matsakaicin zafin jiki na man fetur (zazzabi mai aiki a 100-300 ℃), ciki har da Bacon irin alkaline man fetur cell da phosphoric acid irin man fetur cell; Tantanin mai zafin jiki mai zafi (zazzabi mai aiki a 600-1000 ℃), gami da narkakkar man fetur na carbonate da tantanin mai mai oxide mai ƙarfi.

85. Me yasa ƙwayoyin man fetur ke da kyakkyawar damar ci gaba?

A cikin shekaru goma ko biyu da suka gabata, Amurka ta ba da kulawa ta musamman ga haɓaka ƙwayoyin mai. Sabanin haka, Japan ta himmatu wajen ci gaban fasahar kere-kere bisa bullo da fasahar Amurka. Man fetir ya ja hankalin wasu kasashen da suka ci gaba musamman saboda yana da fa'ida kamar haka:

01) Babban inganci. Saboda makamashin sinadarai na man fetur yana jujjuya kai tsaye zuwa makamashin lantarki, ba tare da canjin makamashin thermal a tsakiya ba, ƙarfin juzu'i ba'a iyakance shi ta hanyar zagayowar thermodynamic Carnot; saboda babu canjin makamashi na inji, zai iya guje wa asarar watsawa ta atomatik, kuma ingantaccen juzu'i bai dogara da ma'auni na samar da wutar lantarki ba Kuma canji, don haka ƙwayar man fetur yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci;

02) Karancin surutu da ƙarancin ƙazanta. A cikin canza makamashin sinadarai zuwa makamashin lantarki, kwayar mai ba ta da sassa masu motsi na inji, amma tsarin sarrafawa yana da wasu ƙananan siffofi, don haka ƙananan hayaniya. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwayoyin mai kuma sune tushen makamashi mai ƙarancin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu. Ɗauki ƙwayar phosphoric acid a matsayin misali; sulfur oxides da nitrides da take fitarwa umarni biyu ne na girma fiye da ka'idojin da Amurka ta gindaya;

03) Karfin daidaitawa. Kwayoyin man fetur na iya amfani da nau'o'in mai da ke kunshe da hydrogen, irin su methane, methanol, ethanol, biogas, gas na man fetur, iskar gas, da gas na roba. Oxidizer ba ya ƙarewa kuma maras ƙarewa. Yana iya yin sel mai zuwa daidaitattun abubuwan haɗin gwiwa tare da takamaiman iko (kamar kilowatts 40), an haɗa su cikin ƙarfi da nau'ikan daban-daban bisa ga buƙatun masu amfani, kuma an sanya su a wuri mafi dacewa. Idan ya cancanta, ana iya kafa shi a matsayin babban tashar wutar lantarki kuma ana amfani dashi tare da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na al'ada, wanda zai taimaka wajen daidaita nauyin wutar lantarki;

04) Tsawon lokacin gini da sauƙin kulawa. Bayan da masana'antu samar da man fetur, zai iya ci gaba da samar da daban-daban daidaitattun sassa na samar da wutar lantarki a masana'antu. Abu ne mai sauƙi don jigilar kaya kuma ana iya haɗa shi akan wurin a tashar wutar lantarki. Wani ya yi kiyasin cewa kula da kwayar phosphoric acid mai nauyin kilowatt 40 shine kawai kashi 25% na injin janaretan dizal mai iko iri ɗaya.

Saboda ƙwayoyin mai suna da fa'idodi da yawa, Amurka da Japan suna ba da mahimmanci ga ci gaban su.

86. Menene baturin nano?

Nano yana da mita 10-9, kuma nano-baturi baturi ne da aka yi da nanomaterials (kamar nano-MnO2, LiMn2O4, Ni(OH)2, da sauransu). Nanomaterials suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa na zahiri da sinadarai (kamar tasirin girman ƙima, tasirin saman ƙasa, tasirin ƙimanin rami, da sauransu). A halin yanzu, baturin nano balagagge na cikin gida shine baturin fiber carbon da ke kunna nano. Ana amfani da su musamman a cikin motocin lantarki, babura masu amfani da wutar lantarki, da mopeds na lantarki. Ana iya yin cajin irin wannan baturi na zagayowar 1,000 kuma ana amfani dashi akai-akai har tsawon shekaru goma. Ana ɗaukar kimanin mintuna 20 ne kawai don yin caji a lokaci guda, tafiyar tudu mai tsawon kilomita 400, nauyi kuma ya kai kilogiram 128, wanda ya zarce adadin motocin batir a Amurka, Japan, da sauran ƙasashe. Batirin hydride na nickel-metal yana buƙatar kimanin sa'o'i 6-8 don cajin, kuma layin layi yana tafiya 300km.

87. Menene baturin lithium-ion filastik?

A halin yanzu, baturin lithium-ion filastik yana nufin amfani da polymer mai sarrafa ion azaman electrolyte. Wannan polymer na iya zama bushe ko colloidal.

88. Wanne kayan aiki ne yafi amfani da batura masu caji?

Batura masu caji sun dace musamman don kayan lantarki waɗanda ke buƙatar samar da makamashi mai ƙarfi ko kayan aiki masu buƙatar ƙira mai girma na yanzu, kamar ƙwararrun ƴan wasa guda ɗaya, CD player, ƙananan rediyo, wasannin lantarki, kayan wasan wuta na lantarki, kayan gida, ƙwararrun kyamarori, wayoyin hannu, Wayoyin Cordless, kwamfutocin littafin rubutu da sauran na'urori waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarin kuzari. Zai fi kyau kada a yi amfani da batura masu caji don kayan aikin da ba a saba amfani da su ba saboda fitar da kai na batura masu caji yana da girma. Har yanzu, idan ana buƙatar fitar da kayan aiki tare da babban halin yanzu, dole ne ta yi amfani da batura masu caji. Gabaɗaya, masu amfani yakamata su zaɓi kayan aiki masu dacewa bisa ga umarnin da mai ƙira ya bayar. Baturi

89. Menene ƙarfin lantarki da wuraren aikace-aikacen nau'ikan batura daban-daban?

MISALIN BATIRI	awon karfin wuta	AMFANI DA FILIN
SLI (injin)	6V ko mafi girma	Motoci, motocin kasuwanci, babura, da dai sauransu.
Lithium baturi	6V	Kamara da dai sauransu.
Lithium Manganese Button Baturi	3V	Lissafin aljihu, agogo, na'urorin sarrafa nesa, da sauransu.
Batir Maɓallin Oxygen Azurfa	1.55V	Watches, kananan agogo, da dai sauransu.
Alkaline manganese zagaye baturi	1.5V	Kayan aikin bidiyo masu ɗaukar nauyi, kyamarori, na'urorin wasan bidiyo, da sauransu.
Alkaline baturin manganese	1.5V	Kalkuleta na aljihu, kayan lantarki, da sauransu.
Zinc Carbon Round Battery	1.5V	Ƙararrawa, fitilu masu walƙiya, kayan wasan yara, da sauransu.
Zinc-air button baturi	1.4V	Kayayyakin ji, da sauransu.
MnO2 button baturi	1.35V	Kayayyakin ji, kyamarori, da sauransu.
Nickel-cadmium baturi	1.2V	Kayan aikin lantarki, kyamarori masu ɗaukar hoto, wayoyin hannu, wayoyi marasa igiya, kayan wasan wuta na lantarki, fitulun gaggawa, kekunan lantarki, da sauransu.
Batirin NiMH	1.2V	Wayoyin hannu, wayoyin hannu, kyamarori masu ɗaukar hoto, litattafan rubutu, fitulun gaggawa, kayan aikin gida, da sauransu.
Baturin Lithium Ion	3.6V	Wayoyin hannu, kwamfutocin littafin rubutu, da sauransu.

90. Menene nau'ikan batura masu caji? Wanne kayan aiki ya dace da kowane?

TYPE BATTERY	FEATURES	KAYAN APPLICATION
Ni-MH baturi zagaye	Babban iya aiki, abokantaka na muhalli (ba tare da mercury ba, gubar, cadmium), kariya ta caji	Kayan aiki na sauti, masu rikodin bidiyo, wayoyin hannu, wayoyi marasa igiya, fitulun gaggawa, kwamfutocin littafin rubutu
Ni-MH prismatic baturi	Babban iya aiki, kariyar muhalli, kariya mai yawa	Kayan aiki na sauti, masu rikodin bidiyo, wayoyin hannu, wayoyi marasa igiya, fitulun gaggawa, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka
Ni-MH baturin baturi	Babban iya aiki, kariyar muhalli, kariya mai yawa	Wayoyin hannu, wayoyi marasa igiya
Nickel-cadmium zagaye baturi	Ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwa	Kayan aikin sauti, kayan aikin wuta
Nickel-cadmium button baturi	Ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwa	Waya mara waya, ƙwaƙwalwa
Baturin Lithium Ion	Babban ƙarfin lodi, ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi	Wayoyin hannu, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, masu rikodin bidiyo
Baturan lead-acid	Farashin mai arha, aiki mai dacewa, ƙarancin rayuwa, nauyi mai nauyi	Jirgin ruwa, motoci, fitulun ma'adinai, da dai sauransu.

91. Menene nau'ikan batura da ake amfani da su a cikin fitilun gaggawa?

01) Batir Ni-MH da aka rufe;

02) Baturin gubar-acid mai daidaitacce;

03) Hakanan za'a iya amfani da wasu nau'ikan batura idan sun dace da aminci da ƙa'idodin aiki na IEC 60598 (2000) (bangaren haske na gaggawa) daidaitaccen (bangaren hasken gaggawa).

92. Yaya tsawon rayuwar rayuwar batura masu caji ke amfani da su a cikin wayoyi marasa igiya?

A ƙarƙashin amfani na yau da kullun, rayuwar sabis ɗin shine shekaru 2-3 ko fiye. Lokacin da abubuwa masu zuwa suka faru, ana buƙatar maye gurbin baturin:

01) Bayan caji, lokacin magana ya gajarta fiye da sau ɗaya;

02) Siginar kira ba ta da kyau sosai, tasirin karɓa yana da banƙyama, kuma amo yana da ƙarfi;

03) Nisa tsakanin wayar mara igiyar waya da tushe yana buƙatar kusanci; wato kewayon amfani da wayar mara igiyar waya yana kara kunkuntar.

93. Wanne zai iya amfani da nau'in baturi don na'urorin sarrafawa?

Yana iya amfani da ramut ne kawai ta tabbatar da cewa baturin yana cikin ƙayyadaddun matsayinsa. Za'a iya amfani da nau'ikan batura iri-iri na zinc-carbon a wasu na'urorin sarrafa nesa. Madaidaitan umarnin IEC na iya gano su. Batura masu amfani da yawa sune AAA, AA, da 9V manyan batura. Hakanan shine mafi kyawun zaɓi don amfani da batir alkaline. Irin wannan baturi zai iya samar da sau biyu na lokacin aiki na baturin carbon-carbon. Hakanan ana iya gano su ta ma'aunin IEC (LR03, LR6, 6LR61). Koyaya, saboda na'urar sarrafa nesa tana buƙatar ƙaramin halin yanzu, baturin zinc-carbon yana da tattalin arziƙi don amfani.

Hakanan yana iya amfani da batura na biyu masu caji bisa ƙa'ida, amma ana amfani da su a cikin na'urorin sarrafa nesa. Saboda yawan fitar da kai na batir na biyu yana buƙatar sake caji akai-akai, don haka irin wannan baturi baya aiki.

94. Wadanne nau'ikan samfuran baturi ne akwai? Wadanne yankunan aikace-aikace suka dace da su?

Wuraren aikace-aikacen batirin NiMH sun haɗa amma ba'a iyakance su zuwa:

Kekuna na lantarki, wayoyi marasa igiya, kayan wasan wuta na lantarki, kayan aikin lantarki, fitilun gaggawa, kayan gida, kayan kida, fitulun masu hakar ma'adinai, takalmi.

Wuraren aikace-aikacen batirin lithium-ion sun haɗa amma ba'a iyakance su zuwa:

Kekunan wutar lantarki, motocin wasan wasan motsa jiki na nesa, wayoyin hannu, kwamfutocin littafin rubutu, na'urorin hannu iri-iri, ƙananan faifan diski, ƙananan kyamarori na bidiyo, kyamarar dijital, takalmi-talkies.

Na shida, baturi, da muhalli

95. Menene tasirin baturi akan muhalli?

Kusan dukkan batura a yau ba su ƙunshi mercury ba, amma ƙarfe masu nauyi har yanzu wani muhimmin sashi ne na batir mercury, baturan nickel-cadmium mai caji, da baturan gubar-acid. Idan aka yi kuskure kuma a cikin adadi mai yawa, waɗannan ƙananan karafa za su cutar da muhalli. A halin yanzu, akwai hukumomi na musamman a duniya don sake sarrafa manganese oxide, nickel-cadmium, da baturan gubar-acid, misali, ƙungiyar RBRC mai zaman kanta.

96. Menene tasirin zafin yanayi akan aikin baturi?

Daga cikin duk abubuwan muhalli, zafin jiki yana da mafi girman tasiri akan caji da aikin fitarwa na baturi. Halin da ake yi na electrochemical a mahaɗin lantarki/electrolyte yana da alaƙa da yanayin zafin jiki, kuma ana ɗaukar mahaɗin lantarki/electrolyte a matsayin zuciyar baturi. Idan yanayin zafi ya faɗi, ƙimar amsawar na'urar ita ma ta ragu. A ɗauka cewa ƙarfin ƙarfin baturi ya ci gaba da wanzuwa kuma fitarwar halin yanzu yana raguwa, ƙarfin ƙarfin baturin shima zai ragu. Idan yanayin zafi ya tashi, akasin haka; ƙarfin fitar da baturi zai ƙaru. Zazzabi kuma yana rinjayar saurin canja wurin electrolyte. Hawan zafin jiki zai hanzarta watsawa, raguwar zafin jiki zai rage bayanan, kuma cajin baturi da aikin fitarwa shima zai shafi. Duk da haka, idan zafin jiki ya yi yawa, ya wuce 45 ° C, zai lalata ma'aunin sinadarai a cikin baturi kuma ya haifar da halayen gefe.

97. Menene koren baturi?

Koren kare muhalli baturi yana nufin wani nau'in babban aiki, ƙanƙara mara gurɓatacce wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ko kuma ana bincike da haɓakawa. A halin yanzu, baturan nickel na ƙarfe hydride, baturan lithium-ion, batura na farko na alkaline zinc-manganese marasa mercury, batura masu caji waɗanda aka yi amfani da su sosai, da batirin lithium ko lithium-ion filastik da ƙwayoyin mai da ake bincike da haɓakawa sun faɗi cikin ciki. wannan rukuni. Kashi ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwayoyin hasken rana (wanda kuma aka sani da samar da wutar lantarki na photovoltaic) waɗanda aka yi amfani da su sosai kuma suna amfani da makamashin hasken rana don canza wutar lantarki a cikin wannan rukuni.

Technology Co., Ltd. ya himmatu wajen bincike da samar da batura masu dacewa da muhalli (Ni-MH, Li-ion). Samfuran mu sun cika daidaitattun buƙatun ROTHS daga kayan baturi na ciki (na'urori masu inganci da mara kyau) zuwa kayan marufi na waje.

98. Menene "batura masu kore" da ake amfani da su da bincike a halin yanzu?

Wani sabon nau'in kore da baturi mai dacewa da muhalli yana nufin wani nau'in babban aiki. An yi amfani da wannan baturi mara gurɓatacce ko kuma ana haɓaka shi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A halin yanzu, batirin lithium-ion, baturan nickel na hydride na ƙarfe, da batir alkaline zinc-manganese ba tare da mercury ba an yi amfani da su sosai, da kuma batir filastik lithium-ion, batura masu ƙonewa, da manyan ƙarfin ajiyar makamashi na lantarki da ake samarwa duka. sababbin nau'ikan - nau'in batura masu launin kore. Bugu da kari, sel masu amfani da hasken rana da ke amfani da hasken rana don canza wutar lantarki an yi amfani da su sosai.

99. Ina manyan hadurran batura masu amfani?

Batirin sharar da ke da illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhallin muhalli da aka jera su a cikin jerin abubuwan kula da sharar sun fi haɗa da batura mai ɗauke da mercury, musamman batir oxide mercury; batirin gubar-acid: batura masu ɗauke da cadmium, musamman baturan nickel-cadmium. Sakamakon zubar da batir na sharar gida, wadannan batura za su gurɓata ƙasa, ruwa tare da cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam ta hanyar cin kayan lambu, kifi, da sauran kayan abinci.

100. Menene hanyoyin da batir sharar gida ke gurbata muhalli?

Abubuwan da ke tattare da waɗannan batura an rufe su a cikin akwati yayin amfani kuma ba za su shafi muhalli ba. Duk da haka, bayan dadewa da lalata injiniyoyi na dogon lokaci, ƙarfe mai nauyi da acid, da alkalis a ciki, suna shiga cikin ƙasa ko tushen ruwa kuma su shiga cikin jerin abincin ɗan adam ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Dukkanin tsarin an bayyana shi a takaice kamar haka: ƙasa ko tushen ruwa - ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta-dabbobi-dabawa-ƙura- amfanin gona-abinci-jikin-jiki-jiki-jiki da cuta. Karafa masu nauyi da wasu kwayoyin halitta masu narkewar abinci suke ci daga muhallin da ruwa ke samu na iya jujjuya halittu a cikin sarkar abinci, su taru a cikin dubunnan halittu masu girma mataki-mataki, su shiga jikin mutum ta hanyar abinci, su taru a cikin takamaiman gabobin. Sanadin daɗaɗɗen guba.