Bayanin ajiyar makamashi na kasuwanci

Sabuntawar kuzari wani muhimmin bangare ne na shirin dogon lokaci don tsaka tsakin carbon. Ba tare da la'akari da haɗin gwiwar nukiliyar da za a iya sarrafa shi ba, hakar ma'adinan sararin samaniya, da kuma babban balagagge na haɓaka albarkatun ruwa waɗanda ba su da hanyar kasuwanci a cikin gajeren lokaci, makamashin iska, da makamashin hasken rana a halin yanzu sune mafi kyawun hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Duk da haka, ana iyakance su da albarkatun iska da haske. Adana makamashi zai zama muhimmin sashi na amfani da makamashi na gaba. Wannan labarin da labarai na gaba zasu haɗa da manyan fasahohin ajiyar makamashi na kasuwanci, galibi suna mai da hankali kan lamuran aiwatarwa.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, saurin gina tsarin ajiyar makamashi ya sa wasu bayanan da suka gabata ba su da amfani, kamar "ma'ajin makamashin iska ya zama na biyu tare da jimlar ƙarfin 440MW, da batir sodium-sulfur a matsayi na uku, tare da ma'aunin ƙarfin aiki duka. na 440 MW. 316MW” da dai sauransu Bugu da kari, labarin cewa Huawei ya sanya hannu kan aikin adana makamashi mafi girma a duniya da karfin megawatt 1300 yana da yawa. Koyaya, bisa ga bayanan da ake dasu, 1300MWh ba shine mafi mahimmancin aikin ajiyar makamashi a duniya ba. Babban aikin ajiyar makamashi mafi girma na tsakiya shine wurin ajiyar famfo. Don fasahar ajiyar makamashi ta jiki kamar ajiyar makamashin gishiri, a cikin yanayin ajiyar makamashin lantarki, 1300MWh ba shine mafi mahimmancin aikin ba (yana iya zama batun ma'aunin ƙididdiga). A halin yanzu ƙarfin Moss Landing Energy Storage Center ya kai 1600MWh (ciki har da 1200MWh a mataki na biyu, 400MWh a mataki na biyu). Har yanzu, shigar Huawei ya haskaka masana'antar ajiyar makamashi a kan matakin.

A halin yanzu, tallace-tallace da yuwuwar fasahar ajiyar makamashi na iya rarrabuwa zuwa ma'ajiyar makamashin inji, ajiyar makamashin zafi, ajiyar makamashin lantarki, ajiyar makamashin sinadarai, da ajiyar makamashin lantarki. Physics da chemistry duk daya ne, don haka mu karkasa su bisa tunanin magabata na yanzu.

1. Ma'ajiyar makamashi na injiniya / ma'ajin zafi da ajiyar sanyi

Ma'ajiyar famfo:

Akwai tafki guda biyu na sama da na kasa, da ake zuga ruwa zuwa tafki na sama a lokacin ajiyar makamashi da kuma zubar da ruwa zuwa tafki na kasa yayin samar da wutar lantarki. Fasaha ta balaga. Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2020, ikon da aka girka a duniya na karfin ajiyar famfo ya kai kilowatt miliyan 159, wanda ya kai kashi 94% na yawan karfin ajiyar makamashi. A halin yanzu, kasata ta fara aiki da jimlar kilowatts miliyan 32.49 na tashoshin wutar lantarki; Cikakkun ma'auni na tashoshin wutar lantarkin da ake ginawa ya kai kilowatt miliyan 55.13. Ma'auni na duka da aka gina da kuma waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ginin su ne na farko a duniya. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na tashar ajiyar makamashi na iya kaiwa dubban MW, samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara zai iya kaiwa biliyoyin kWh, kuma saurin farawa na baki yana iya kasancewa a kan tsari na 'yan mintoci kaɗan. A halin yanzu, tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma da ke aiki a kasar Sin, Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station, tana da ikon da aka girka na kilowatts miliyan 3.6 da karfin samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara na kWh biliyan 6.6 (wanda zai iya sha 8.8 kWh na wuce gona da iri). tare da inganci kusan 75%). Lokacin fara baƙar fata 3-5 mintuna. Kodayake ma'ajiyar famfo gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa da rashin lahani na iyakance zaɓin wurin, dogon lokacin saka hannun jari, da babban saka hannun jari, har yanzu shine mafi girman fasaha, aiki mafi aminci, da mafi ƙanƙanta hanyoyin ajiyar makamashi. Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Kasa ta fitar da Tsare-tsare na Ci gaba na Matsakaici da Tsawon Lokaci don Ajiye Tushen (2021-2035).

By 2025, jimillar samar da sikelin na famfo ajiya zai zama fiye da 62 kilowatts miliyan; ta 2030, cikakken sikelin samarwa zai kasance kusan kilowatts miliyan 120; nan da shekara ta 2035, za a kafa masana'antar adana kayan aiki na zamani wanda ke biyan buƙatun girma da girma na haɓaka sabbin makamashi.

Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station - Ƙananan Tafki

Matsar da makamashin iska:

Lokacin da nauyin wutar lantarki ya yi ƙasa, ana matsawa iska kuma a adana shi ta hanyar wutar lantarki (yawanci ana yin shi a cikin kogon gishiri na ƙasa, kogon yanayi, da dai sauransu). Lokacin amfani da wutar lantarki ya yi yawa, ana fitar da iska mai tsananin zafi don fitar da janareta don samar da wutar lantarki.

matse ajiyar makamashin iska

Matsakaicin ma'adanin makamashin iska ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin fasaha ta biyu mafi dacewa don ma'auni mai girma na GW bayan ajiyar famfo. Duk da haka, an iyakance shi ta ƙarin yanayin zaɓin rukunin yanar gizon sa, tsadar saka hannun jari, da ingancin ajiyar makamashi fiye da ma'ajiyar famfo. Ƙananan, ci gaban kasuwanci na matsewar makamashin iska yana jinkirin. Har zuwa Satumba na wannan shekara (2021), babban aikin farko na matse makamashin iska na kasata - Jiangsu Jintan Salt Cave Compressed Air Energy Adana Aikin Nuna Gwajin Kasa, yanzu an haɗa shi da grid. Ƙarfin da aka girka na kashi na farko na aikin shine 60MW, kuma ƙarfin jujjuya wutar lantarki ya kai kusan 60%; sikelin ginin na dogon lokaci na aikin zai kai megawatt 1000. A cikin Oktoba 2021, farkon 10MW na farko da aka matsawa tsarin ajiyar makamashin iska wanda ƙasata ta haɓaka da kansa an haɗa shi da grid a Bijie, Guizhou. Yana iya cewa titin kasuwanci na karamin ajiyar makamashin iska ya fara, amma nan gaba yana da ban sha'awa.

Jintan matsawa aikin ajiyar makamashin iska.

Ma'ajiyar makamashin gishiri na zube:

Narkakken makamashin gishiri, gabaɗaya haɗe tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana, yana mai da hankali ga hasken rana kuma yana adana zafi a cikin narkakkar gishiri. Lokacin da ake samar da wutar lantarki, ana amfani da narkakkar zafi na gishiri don samar da wutar lantarki, kuma mafi yawansu suna samar da tururi don tuka injin injin turbine.

narkakkar gishiri ajiya ajiya

Sun yi ta ihun Hi-Tech Dunhuang 100MW narkakken gishirin hasumiya mai amfani da hasken rana a tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma ta kasar Sin. An fara aikin Delingha 135 MW CSP tare da babban ƙarfin shigar da shi. Lokacin ajiyar kuzarinsa na iya kaiwa awanni 11. Jimillar jarin aikin ya kai yuan biliyan 3.126. An shirya haɗa shi a hukumance da grid kafin 30 ga Satumba, 2022, kuma yana iya samar da kusan kWh miliyan 435 na wutar lantarki a kowace shekara.

Dunhuang CSP tashar

Fasahar ajiyar makamashi ta jiki sun haɗa da ajiyar makamashi na tashi sama, ajiyar makamashin sanyi, da sauransu.

2. Adana makamashin lantarki:

Supercapacitor: Iyakance ta hanyar ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfinsa (koma zuwa ƙasa) da matsanancin fitar da kai, a halin yanzu ana amfani dashi a cikin ƙaramin kewayon dawo da kuzarin abin hawa, aske kololuwar gaggawa, da cika kwarin. Aikace-aikace na yau da kullun sune tashar jiragen ruwa na Shanghai Yangshan Deepwater, inda cranes 23 ke tasiri sosai ga grid. Don rage tasirin cranes akan grid ɗin wutar lantarki, an shigar da tsarin ajiyar makamashi mai ƙarfi na 3MW/17.2KWh azaman tushen madogara, wanda zai iya ci gaba da samar da wutar lantarki na 20s.

Superconducting makamashi ajiya: tsallake

3. Adana makamashin lantarki:

Wannan labarin yana rarraba ajiyar makamashin lantarki na kasuwanci zuwa nau'ikan masu zuwa:

Lead-acid, baturan gubar-carbon

kwarara baturi

Karfe-ion baturi, ciki har da lithium-ion baturi, sodium-ion baturi, da dai sauransu.

Karfe-sulfur/Oxygen/Batir Batir Mai Saurin Caji

wasu

Baturin gubar-acid da gubar-carbon: A matsayin balagagge fasahar ajiyar makamashi, batirin gubar-acid ana amfani da su sosai a cikin farawar mota, samar da wutar lantarki don tashar tashar wutar lantarki, da dai sauransu Bayan Pb negative electrode na baturin gubar-acid. an ɗora shi da kayan carbon, baturin gubar-carbon zai iya inganta matsalar yawan zubar da ruwa yadda ya kamata. A cewar rahoton shekara na Tianneng na shekarar 2020, aikin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin 12MW/48MWh na jihar Zhicheng na jihar Zhejiang, wanda kamfanin ya kammala, shi ne babban tashar ajiyar makamashin gubar da iskar gas ta farko a lardin Zhejiang da ma kasar baki daya.

Baturi mai gudana: Baturin yakan ƙunshi ruwa da aka adana a cikin akwati da ke gudana ta cikin na'urorin lantarki. Ana kammala cajin da fitarwa ta hanyar membrane musayar ion; koma ga adadi a kasa.

Tsarin baturi mai gudana

A cikin jagorancin ƙarin batir mai kwararar vanadium, aikin Guodian Longyuan, 5MW / 10MWh, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Sinadarai ta Dalian da Dalian Rongke Energy Storage suka kammala, shine mafi girman tsarin adana makamashin batir na vanadium a cikin Duniya a wancan lokacin, wanda a halin yanzu ana kan ginin Babban tsarin adana makamashin batir mai girma-vanadium redox ya kai 200MW/800MWh.

Karfe-ion baturi: mafi sauri-girma da kuma mafi yadu amfani electrochemical makamashi ajiyan baturi. Daga cikin su, ana amfani da batir lithium-ion a cikin na'urorin lantarki masu amfani, batir wutar lantarki, da sauran fannoni, kuma aikace-aikacen su a cikin ajiyar makamashi yana karuwa. Ciki har da ayyukan Huawei na baya da ake ginawa waɗanda ke amfani da ajiyar makamashin batirin lithium-ion, aikin ajiyar makamashin batirin lithium-ion mafi girma da aka gina zuwa yanzu shine tashar adana makamashin Moss Landing wanda ya ƙunshi Phase I 300MW/1200MWh da Phase II 100MW/400MWh, a jimlar 400MW/1600MWh.

Baturin Lithium-Ion

Saboda ƙayyadaddun ƙarfin samar da lithium da farashi, maye gurbin ions sodium tare da ƙarancin ƙarfin kuzari amma ana sa ran tanadi mai yawa zai rage farashin ya zama hanyar ci gaba ga baturan lithium-ion. Ka'idodinsa da kayan aikin farko sun yi kama da baturan lithium-ion, amma har yanzu ba a haɓaka masana'anta akan babban sikeli ba. , tsarin ajiyar makamashin baturi na sodium-ion da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin rahotannin da ake ciki kawai ya ga ma'auni na 1MWh.

Aluminum-ion baturi suna da halaye na babban ka'idar iya aiki da yalwataccen tanadi. Hakanan jagorar bincike ce don maye gurbin baturan lithium-ion, amma babu wata fayyace hanyar kasuwanci. Wani kamfani na Indiya da ya shahara a baya-bayan nan ya sanar da cewa zai tallata kera batirin aluminum-ion a shekara mai zuwa kuma zai gina na'urar ajiyar makamashi mai karfin MW 10. Mu jira mu gani.

jira kuma gani

Karfe-sulfur / oxygen / baturi mai caji: ciki har da lithium-sulfur, lithium-oxygen / iska, sodium-sulfur, batirin aluminum-air mai caji, da dai sauransu, tare da yawan makamashi fiye da batir ion. Wakilin kasuwancin yanzu shine batir sodium-sulfur. NGK a halin yanzu shine babban mai samar da tsarin batirin sodium-sulfur. Babban sikelin da aka sanya a cikin aiki shine tsarin ajiyar batirin sulfur mai karfin 108MW/648MWh a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.

4. Adana makamashin sinadarai: Shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, Schrödinger ya rubuta cewa rayuwa ta dogara ne akan samun entropy mara kyau. Amma idan ba ku dogara da makamashi na waje ba, entropy zai karu, don haka dole ne rayuwa ta dauki iko. Rayuwa ta samo hanyarta, kuma don adana makamashi, tsire-tsire suna canza makamashin hasken rana zuwa makamashin sinadarai a cikin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar photosynthesis. Adana makamashin sinadari ya kasance zaɓi na halitta tun daga farko. Adana makamashin sinadari ya kasance hanya ce mai ƙarfi don adana makamashi ga ɗan adam tun lokacin da ta yi volts ta zama tararrakin lantarki. Duk da haka, an fara amfani da kasuwanci mai yawa na ajiyar makamashi.

Ma'ajiyar hydrogen, methanol, da sauransu: makamashin hydrogen yana da fa'ida ta musamman na yawan kuzari, tsabta, da kariyar muhalli kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tushen makamashi mai kyau a nan gaba. Hanyar samar da hydrogen → ajiyar hydrogen → man fetur yana kan hanya. A halin yanzu, an gina tashoshi sama da 100 na samar da iskar hydrogen a kasarta, wadanda ke matsayi na daya a duniya, ciki har da tashar samar da iskar hydrogen mafi girma a duniya a nan birnin Beijing. Koyaya, saboda ƙarancin fasahar ajiyar hydrogen da haɗarin fashewar hydrogen, ajiyar hydrogen kai tsaye wanda methanol ke wakilta na iya zama hanya mai mahimmanci don makamashi na gaba, kamar fasahar "hasken rana" na ƙungiyar Li Can a Cibiyar Dalian. na Chemistry, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin.

Batura na farko na ƙarfe-iska: wakilta ta batirin aluminium-air tare da babban adadin kuzari na ka'idar, amma akwai ɗan ci gaba a cikin kasuwanci. Phinergy, wakilin kamfani da aka ambata a cikin rahotanni da yawa, ya yi amfani da batir na iska na aluminum don motocinsa. mil dubu ɗaya, babban mafita a cikin ma'ajin makamashi shine batirin zinc-iska mai caji.